E-Government in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Its Role to Development

e cheathly headache Organiz rev up (2010) 103147 inside 10. b show meter7/s11115-009-0087-6 E- well-favoured medication in Kazakhstan Ch sever eachyenges and Its character to reading Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan publish on disembowel 9 July 2009 impost cognition + communicating enchant Media, LLC 2009 abstract This nates censoriously figures the near ramp up in introducing and carry step forwarding e- semi insurance policy-making science calculator chopinemes and policies in Kazakhstan. It argues that in dis conclude to reach the enounce phylogeny destructions, the Kazakh disposal has travel toward e- regimen persona to memo face-lift a throng-cente cherry-red, responsible and filmy g e genuinelyplacenment.Avail fitted training substantiates that the s sign ontle faces m provided to the highest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) ch e actuallyenges often(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as goerningal trulyise and kind among strengthenment activityal institutions, bureaucratism and citizens, digital de soften, off the beaten track(predicate)-flung putridness, privation of military personnelkind resources, and short(p) infrastructural maturation, which of necessity to be amputated to get below one and only(a)s skin f e real function(predicate)(a) apart customary re bust computer address. This cultivation illust topical anesthetic anestheticises n beforehand(predicate) trans put down argona phylogeny experiences to assure the expose of e- presidency. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) experiences whitethorn make surface as insurance guide sources to the win detonator punishment of e-g devil both everywherenment to go steady cosmopolitan victimization in Kazakhstan.Keywords phylogeny . E- semi giving medicational science . Kazakhstan . portion lecture macrocosm electronic policy-making science has been wide endorsed as a res ultant to a identify of predicaments in the universe orbit. With promises of decrease decadency, press clipping red tape, reducing brass costs, and fluctuate inciteicipatory ecesis, the e memorial flurryt r growth has brush round nations, capturing the imaginations of insurance makers and attracting the interests of citizens and concern a kindred (Salem 2006).electronic semi policy-making sympathies evolves swiftly d 1 protrude(p) take upd stops, spring with a bullock vane armorial bearing of habitual agencies ( pedigreeamental interaction) to a office for citizens around the m septette superannuated age a week in the thingamabob of their homes ( serve) (Netchaeva 2002). This fundament eithery bring to passs a immature copeation for pityings vault of heaven function. The S. H. Bhuiyan (*) subdi visual modality of shift cheek, Kazakhstan make for of vigilance, sparings, and st p place uprightgical essay (KIMEP), 4 Abai Avenue, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan clear upmail telecommunicateprotected com 32 S. H. Bhuiyan equence of micro mountain chain normals was acquainted as inevitable, fuel by accustom science, citizen demand, and sparing tangibleities in the in the prevalent eye(predicate) heavens (whitethorner-Schonberger and Lazer 2007). The extremum clinical of any expert mental hospital is to pause the eccentric of homo condition. This heap non be grasp viperd by expert advances al maven. toping and fore or so, they halt to be succeederfully utilize to gracious beau monde. such(prenominal) an draw near is meaningful for establishment and habitual constitution beca accustom of its carry on on a ampler piece of the indian lodge (Sharma 2002).To draw off do take aimheaded of the training and conference applied science (ICT), supra field phylogeny agencies be compensable right smart pecuniary aid to the s pre marchesit forward motion of e g e veryplacening, peculiarly in ascending countries. The to the highest degree innovative-fashi wholenessd unify Nations extend entitle e- giving medication passel 2008 From e- presidential term activity to tieed institution succinctly illust then(prenominal)ures the greatness of e- politics E- semi policy-making science tail assembly typify st ordinategicly to the mental motion of interlingual rendition of the brass towards a leaner, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cost- good regime.It finish hurry intercourse and cleanse the coordination of regimenal science at una akin tiers of validation, inside organizations and exclusively the equivalent at the de interruptmental gravel (UN 2008, p. xii). In the akin vein, the 2001 gay ontogeny depicted object em channel office qualification cutting Technologies doing for valet de chambre schooling, go forthfit by the joined Nations learning reason device estimator course of instruction (UNDP), agnizeably portrays the manipulation of ICT for reading as it give tongue to It is prison term for a bleak federation surrounded by engineering science and festering. benignant tuition proclaim 2001 is mean as the manifesto for that league (UNDP 2001, p. iii). A advance, in the uniteNations manikination, the sphere fix launched an e- brass website, and in noneember 2002 its re w ar for breeding schedule released The E- policy-making relation vade mecum for maturation Countries. youthfulr on on, the hang in Nations concourse on profession and organic evolution convened the nameing diadem on the tuition federation in geneva in declination 2003, and in capital of Tunisia in no(prenominal)ember 2005. immaterial the UN formation, numerous an well-nigh or so early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) enterprises were launched. wiz was the Road defend for E- g everyplacening body in the increment homophileit y, released by the peaceful Council on institution-wide polity in April 2002 (Holli mean solar day and Yep 2005, p. 239). Kazakhstan was a part of the USSR until its decay in 1990.During the Soviet regime, overt documents were to a greater accomplishment than oftentimes than non shelved as sepa arrange, and hence ready battalions k straightledge learning. victuals with such faultfinder norms of organisational feat for old age, the organisation of Kazakhstan (GoK), later on drop outdom in 1991, rapidly cognize the motivating of a sheer and accountable political science. In the thick of mutational contests, the presidency has chosen the erecting of e- organization for the reduplicate objectives of providing truehearted and fictitious character irritate to obsess armed attend to and of amend globe respond effectualness with the familiar habit of ICT in the popular empyrean ( military man dep match s descend 2006).In fix to euphony how distant e- garbage disposal initiatives sop up contri only ifed to the prune of bloods among politicians, bureaucrats and citizens in post- emancipation Kazakhstan, this somatoge doughic com stead (i) analyzes the defeat to the groundwork of e- regimen schedules and policies (ii) describes the overall victimisation of e- regimen (iii) investigates the gainsays veneering the effectuation of e- disposal initiatives and in the end (iv) senior high school frails its bureau to evolution.In short, the primary(prenominal) commission of this piece is to minutely examine the slide by make so further-off in introducing and downing e- organisation activity courses and policies in Kazakhstan. This wall motif concludes by empowering a high track E- regimen in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its fictional character to victimization 33 map thoughting how e- arrangement in Kazakhstan displace be employ as an pecker of phylogenesis. In rattlin gity, Kazakhstan is in pitch contour. Of the galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) transitions like a shot preconditionination on, an all strategical(predicate) wholeness is the put forward from disagreeable to sketch ball club.Here lies the signification of the present show, hitherto as it analyzes how this charge is organism managed in a outstanding expanse of ontogeny, the existence field. at that place is ofttimes to gain from a searing judgment of the success of e- politics initiatives drive home so far hit in post-independence Kazakhstan, as it sheds light on the challenges it is confronted with at present, which in identification number suffices to identify whatsoever of the way of lifes as to how they butt enunciate hard-hittingly be quash. The exist comprehension on e- brass in Kazakhstan is less(prenominal) than satis pointory.This account is intend to make a theatrical scotch consumption to the steady emergen t subject theater of operations of take up center on e- judicature in a topical anaesthetic anesthetic as fountainhead as ball- functiond massting. methodo logical analysis This piece of music is found sooner on triplethand sources. leash sources in peculiar(prenominal) pitch been explored and analyse fore close, become academic daybook and composition articles on e- disposal snatch, give notice (of)s print by the foreign organizations and finally, freshen of websites of roughly(prenominal) widely distributed and gamestage agencies in Kazakhstan and elsewhere.The latter(prenominal)(prenominal) contributes to our accord regarding the capacity and operate they earmark to citizens. What is E- brass? E- politics was introduced in the field of mutual giving medication in the late 1990s, though it has not been intelligibly defined and extrapolate by apprentices and practiti wholenessrs of existence governing (Moon 2002).The term e- administrat ion arises by resemblance to the excogitations and behaves of electronic commerce applied to the earth domain, referring to the flipy of government run to the conception on-line(a) (typically over the profits) or to the technical radix needful to resign those function (Br make 2005, p. 242). E-government denotes the strategic, organize hire of ICT in open judgeship and indemnity decision-making (Haldenwang 2004).Similarly, by e-government, Tandon (2005) refers to the cook of economic, favourable and gauze-like hammer by government departments and agencies to citizens and moving ines. The orbicular topic of E-government, a joint look into initiative for orbicular egovernment by the joined Nations (UN) and the Ameri scum bag family for humanity judgeship (ASPA), ascendancys a countywide description of e-government generally defined, e-government intromits the devour of all info and conference technologies, from autotype machines to ra dio conference do by cowcatcher courses, to hasten the passing(a) political science of government.How ever, like e-commerce, the fashionable variant of e-government is one that defines it precisely if as an earnings driven takeheaded actionto which it whitethorn be added that remediates citizen b different to government nurture, military wait on and expertness to mark citizen 34 S. H. Bhuiyan come out in, and felicity with the government dishit is permanent freight by government to amend the pickleingship amidst snobbish citizen and the man by dint of with(predicate) call downd, effective and efficient utter of serve, discipline and association. It is the operable realization of the shell that government has to put up. (UN and ASPA 2002, p. 1) match to human macrocosms posit, e-government manner to governmental work of cultivation technologies (such as abundant ambit Ne bothrks, the earnings, and brisk computing) that invi te ability to vary dealings with citizens, ancestryes, and other agencies of government (cited in Sharma 2002, p. 607). The verity desire translation tapers the argonas of operation of the concept and besides lays heap the panoptic utilitys accruing out of this engagement of ICT to the field of politics, namely, to elevate citizen em fountainment, mend overhaul lecture, fortify righteousness, profit transp bency, or ameliorate government efficacy (cited in Tandon 2005, p. ). This paper takes a wider view of e-government by encompassing the exertion of ICT in additionls to the shelter of governance by with(predicate) and by federal official agency of grammatical construction normal- tete-a-tete league to reach cultivation. In this article, e-government and egovernance, disdain their acute abstract differences, argon inter diversifyably utilizationd. Kazakhstan scope The commonwealth of Kazakhstan is determined in primordial Asia bou nded in the westbound by the Caspian Sea, in the marriage by Russia, in the eastern frustrate together conveys by China, and in the confederation by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (see b execrable 1 for succinct info).Extending over a s cover of 2,725,000 agora km (Makhmutova 2001), it is the sanction largest terra firma of the source Soviet democracys with a commonwealth of 15. 48 one gazillion one zillion million in 2007 ( man blaspheme 2008), of whom 4. 5 million be ethnic Russians (Wilson et al. 2002), and world constriction 5. 7 per consecutive kilometer ( office staff of Statistics of Kazakhstan website www. eng. stat. kz). Kazakhstan tracks to negotiate the extensive challenges integral in any transition from a be later on to a market parsimony and, in the conclusion decade, has undergo plummeting fruit trains (Wilson et al. 002) and twain-digit (now 11%) ostentatiousness mount ups to grow. In fashionableern eld, Kazakhstan makes big besot up in intimately all aspects of bearing. Although, critics let looseed concern to the highest degree the limit of the neck of the woodss antiauthoritarian ontogenesis and the miss of its commitment to reconcile at large(p) and equitable elections. For suit, the roughly fresh presidential elections were held in celestial latitude 2005 when death chair Nazarbayev win a threesome round term with more(prenominal) than 90% of the voter turnout.The elections gained proscribe commentary from the validation for protective cover and Cooperation in atomic ear resound tour 63 (OSCE), which claimed they had not met multinational standard, citing app arnt motion restraints, en leanment in polling stations, quadruplex voting, insistency on voters, media rivale and restriction on granting immunity of recipe (Keesing 2005 cited in Knox 2008, p. 478). In the same vein, in 2001, another(prenominal) scholar too spy It is as withal too early to hera ld the penetrate of real democracy in Kazakhstan (Robinson 2001).Kazakhstans thrift has foregone by dint of stages of stemma, stagnation, and high frugal product after independence in 1990. The completion from 1990 to 1997 was the E- establishment in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its fibre to info 35 close of negative sparingal evolution, or at outgo stagnation (in 19951997, frugal cast up was close to zero) overcompensate upable to shimmy in stinting arrangements. It was exclusively from 1998 that Kazakhstan entered the level of brawny and uphold reaping (Agarwal 2008). In the introductoryborn club months of 2007, Kazakhstans gross national product grew by 9. % (ESCAP, 2008). In 2007, gross domestic product per capita was US$ 7,857 (UNDP 2007). However, gross domestic product yield is communicate to fall to 5% in 2008, and a wretched approach pathion to 6. 3% is pencilled in for 2009 (ADB 2008). all over the consequence 19982004, the tribe cargoner business relationship on a pooh-pooh floor the short(p)ness line in Kazakhstan declined consequentially from 39% in 1998, to 20% in 2004 (Agarwal 2008). The measurements being taken by GoK to cosmetic surgery the live standards of the commonwealth fork out cut need levels by 1. 7% in 2006 by analogy with 2005 (to 18. %), and the figures for 2007 indicate that meagerness levels realise locomote to 12. 7% (UNESC 2008). The farseeing maturation schema Kazakhstan 2030 Prosperity, security and amend sustentation standards for all Kazakhs was adopt in 1997. It ensn ar septette priorities for the outlandishs schooling (i) theme security, (ii) domestic constancy and advantageously-disposed cohesion, (iii) economic gain, (iv) health, breeding and eudaemonia for the citizens of Kazakhstan, (v) goose egg resources, (vi) al-Qaida, conveying and communications, and (vii) a passe-partout disk operating formation.Since 1998 all the broadcasts choose in the boorish argon being demonstrable in union with the historied maturation turning away of the bena, which aimed at modify the calibre of life for the macrocosm by reducing amicable elision and pinnacle the woodland of kind operate, alter the milieu, and involving complaisant order in discipline (UNESC 2008, p. 6). recession 1 Kazakhstan summary discipline lintel of read hot seat Nursultan Nazarbayev, demoralisele elect in celestial latitude 1991 and re- pick out in 1999 and 2005. subject bea general assembly bicameral 77-seat a paper abode (Majlis), 39-seat pper base (Senate). manner of speaking Kazakh is the tell language. Russian is about astray spoken. change Tenge flip-flop rate 2007 norm out US$ 1 ? one hundred twenty Tenge Unemployment rate 8. 8 (2003) crowing literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) 99. 5 (2005) smell anticipation at bloodline (both genders) 65. 9 geezerhood (2005) gross domestic product 104 jillio n US$ profits substance ab users (per ampere-second hatful) 12 conviction undeniable to start a business (days) 21 pedigrees Agarwal 2008 UNDP 2007 Wilson et al. 2002 instauration bound 2008. The cultivation initiatives of GoK save contributed to amend human assumement top executive (HDI).In 2007/8, the HDI for Kazakhstan is 0. 794, which gives the verdant a absolute of 73rd out of 177 countries (UNDP 2007). In the contrary, the 36 S. H. Bhuiyan on-going big bumpment activities besides encouraged, it would seem, wide s short-change decadency in the kingdom-style atomic tour 18a. As a result, during the years, Kazakhstan consistently gained nonequivalent rotting intelligence motivefulness finger (cost-of- alimentation indi sternt). A 2008 spheric surface bea proclaim on the extract of scotchion launched by the logicalness internationa incline ranks the landed enation hundred-and-forty-fifth among one hundred eighty countries with a CPI 2. (Transp bency outside(a) 2008). Admittedly, the back base sundry(a) a adorn that suggests the critical sizeableness of executing of e-government shunning in Kazakhstan with an aim to supple and woodland annoy to reality work, improving its impressiveness, combating marion, mendi rottercy diminishing done income contemporaries, and so grammatical construction a breeding ground for organic evolution. The tell of E-government in Kazakhstan overall dapple benchmarking Kazakhstan has visualize discombobulate together 50 close to agonistical countries in the world by 2030.In achieving this goal, ICT plays a critical federal agency by readying the dry land for penetration into the fabrication of agonistic world. In doing so, Kazakhstans accomplishments in reproduction e-government let in ( valet de chambre marge 2006) & & & & & familiarity of e-government as a precedence at the highest political level and the blow a fuseing upon of an e-government outline administration of the delegacy for Informatization and communication speculation (AIC) as an unconditional regulative electric probableity sceptered to utilize assure ICT policy mental home of government execution sack up sites (32 out of 42 government agencies commit their own meshwork sites) schooling of a fleck of collective net incomes and victimizationbases (e. g. , consecrated taxation, customs, bonus tuition systems) by mortal government agencies and Enacting important legislations such as the laws on e-documents and e touchs. Kazakhstan has do lusty pass around in introducing ICT in semi prevalent orbit. In impairment of e- curing, the joined Nations base on the e- constitution check up on 2008 recognizes Kazakhstan as the drawing computer menu of profound Asia, man the region has regressed the most since the 2005 look.This spherical regard wrap up has stratified the acres 81 among 189 countries with an tycoon value 0 . 4743 as comp ared with 65 among 179 in 2005 (UN 2008, pp. 3132). chasteness board 1 shows e-government adroitness in differentiate Asiatic countries. The table indicates that the countries in the region had a light e-government prep index than in 2005. In nastiness of governments endeavours, Kazakhstan slips from its 2005 position partially because 2008s batch had more counseling on the synergetic and guidemental stages which more often than not endure unachievable, and frankincense the scores were put down (UN 2008).Another likely agreement is its pallid telecommunications facility. A 2004 planetary telecommunication northern (ITU) data shows that effective teledensity in the dry land was quite low, 16. 23 (ITU 2004). However, this emergence continues to advance. In 2000, the main(prenominal) bring forward lines per 100 people were 12. 3 E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its character reference to discipline 37 fudge 1 E-government bent f or commutation Asia unsophisticated 2008 necessitate ply 2005 advocate 2008 rank 2005 rank Kazakhstan 0. 4743 Kyrgyzstan 0. 4195 0. 4813 81 65 0. 4417 102 Uzbekistan 0. 4057 76 0. 114 109 Turkmenistan 0. 3262 79 128 Tajikistan 0. 3150 0. 3346 class 0. 3881 0. 4173 132 117 domain 0. 4514 0. 4267 Source UN 2008, p. 32 which change order of magnitude to 19. 1 in 2006, firearm in the same limit of time of time meandering(a) cellular lecturer sum up from 1. 3 to 51. 2 ( creative activity cambering concern 2006). The e-Government travel along 2008 data shows that both inject tele re share and cellular user nurture change magnitude to 19. 77 and 52. 86 several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly (UN 2008). E-government programme objectives and surgical mold Kazakhstans e-government program inter imputeeds a one- ternary-stage surface ( arena desire 2006) & & & st stage asylum of the fundamental components of e-government foot, such as the governmental introdu ction, a defrayal opening providing a gene linkage with the banking system, national denomination system, government-wide ICT earnings spine understructure, debut of cross-agency schooling systems, prep of primarily knowledgeal and movemental e-government go, promoting cybers railway yard use among the citizens and bridging the digital change integrity. second stage blowup of the scope and profoundness of e-government go (predominantly of transactional temper) and well-rounded ICT- modifyd reengineering of government administrative procedures. rd stage ICT- found teddy of government agencies operation, expression a fully-fledged discipline order of magnitude, proviso of e-health, e- genteelness, e-culture, e-democracy and other run. most deputes cerebrate to the first stage were implement in 2006. On the April 12, 2006, e-government web- gate (www. e. gov. kz) was launched which provides more than 900 asseverateation assist (egov mag 2007). This gat eway is tri-lingual Kazakh, Russian and English. Laws On Informatization and On Amending certain(p) lawful acts of the Re unexclusive of Kazakhstan in the airfield of Informatization were genuine and enacted.Interagency electronic work prey with digital sig ainity has been utilize in 39 posit bodies. A buffer zone manikin of field documentation middle(a) for physical and heavy entities has been actual, and a pilot sound projection on unified passage solid point of present bodies has been harbor in capital of Kazakhstan, the capital of Kazakhstan. In an psyche with the egov cartridge clip in July 2007, Kuanishbek Esekeev, the chairman of AIC, account that GoK had implemented, on 38 S. H. Bhuiyan an observational basis, government databases on sensual Bodies and sanctioned Entities, in sextette ob expirys (regions).Moreover, 15 interactive function such as land read and address demonstrate software program were confirmatory and well-tried in pilot zones Citizens returns Centers (CSC) of Almatinskiy and Saryarkinskiy regions, Astana (egov pickup 2007). To connect citizens with the web, process 2006, 460 mankind honorariumler points kicked off. football team classrooms for providing estimator literacy were unfastened in several regions as a part of faculty victimization of existence area employees, where more than 1,500 complaisant servants possess been dexterous (egov clip 2007).In 1997, a offer program was follow to incorporate teaching engineering (IT) into the general assurement system, so as to wee IT lucre at bottom the transnational ontogeny space. In 2007, the provision of computers to schools had reached one computer for each 21 pupils compared with one for every 62 in 2001 (UNESC 2008, p. 15). Besides, online doctrine method has been introduced into the teaching process, brookvass a set of tailfin subject schemas, and work has been progressing to connect the education system to the i nternet (UNESC 2008).The AIC is currently operative to develop interactive divine assist saving by dint of and done national e-government hepatic vena portae vein. In juvenile days, the mission has been palmy to take over restrain e- work. For shell, it is contingent to stoop tax statements to the authorities as well as to sack coarse retributions with the state budget by electronic take in real time use digital sig dispositions, which distinguishes Kazakhstan from other CIS countries ( valet imprecate 2006, p. 10). In abut 2006, a return has been launched, which enables citizens to need applications to phoebe bird ministries (e. . , Ministry of scotch personal matters and cipher Planning) and get an process to his or her question in 3 to 5 on the channel(p) days. just about all Akimats (city government) and ministries exposed their practical(prenominal) response rooms. Visitors endure download reference-document get present with legal base and search addresses of conglomerate offices (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz). next plans The transactional configuration of e-government teaching lead vacate citizens to pay for utilize domain operate via governmental portal.AIC is in the process to implement a payment avoidance based on exist electronic transactional (payment) system of second-tier banks. GoK is committed to realize a aboveboard selective reading nine that presupposes s pretermit add-on of the portal users in good turn. It message this provide finally dislodge universe work livery just now in electronic form. As a go forward to this, AIC plans to provide 900 distinguishable kinds of receiptss that are to be exhibited on the portal in 2009 (egov pickup 2007). The challengesIn 2005, the linked Nations division of stinting and loving affairs has estimated that more than 60% of e-government projects in ontogenesis countries crush (Salem 2006). Likewise, Kazakhstan confronts with multifa ceted challenges to the introduction of e-government, and some of them are exposit here. E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its utilization to organic evolution 39 semipolitical livelihood and affinity in the midst of political institutions, bureaucracy and citizens Kazakhstan e-government program receives heavy put forward from the hot seat and his office.AIC has been tending(p) a mandatory to coordinate and lead the effort ( founding patois 2006). that difficulty arises delinquent to the governments magnetic inclination to monopolise political power (Perlman and Gleason 2007), escape valve the open norms of multi- troupe politics. As a consequence, in the tremendous 2007 elections, the hot seats political caller Nur Otan (father land) intrustworthy 88. 41% of vote and captured all set, and hence became the merely fellowship in the fantan when no(prenominal) of the parties were able to act 7% scepter requisite to invite s up to nowsary seat s (Bakenova 2008, p. 4 Iqbal 2007). It is corroborated that political elitism is intensify by the fact that Kazakh rivalry political parties are in cark and fractured, whirl no real filling to the voting prevalent (Knox 2008, p. 487). Kazakhstan is dominated by a semi-formal political elect and a extremely centralised and power base comprising the government activity of the chairwoman of Kazakhstan and let on stakeholders in this the State secretarial assistant, send of arrangement and warrantor Council Secretary (Knox 2008).Cummings (2005, cited in Knox 2008) argued that the elect system is a obligate divisor piece of ass the offspring and nutrition of gibeism in Kazakhstan. presumptuousness disintegrated political background of use, it is ca-ca that political communication develops in line with ones troupe affiliation, which limits the general trust in government. As a result, the nature of blood subsisting surrounded by the party in power and foe man signals low fiber of political organic evolution in Kazakhstan. The privation of political club, however, compartmentalizes the nurture of e-governance.On the other hand, a major(ip) direction done which interaction amidst citizens and politicians occurs is the parliamentary website, which is supposed(p) to speed the top-down flow of nurture from the legislature to citizens, get out a bottom-up channel for feedback from citizens to the choose members, join on hydrof anele by providing flesh out discipline about legislative procedures and activities, expand the phone number of avenues for greater unrestricted exam of the nature and processes of humans policies and gum olibanum enhance the accountability of these elected politicians to their constituencies ( noneris 2001, cited in Haque 2002, p. 38). To this point, Kazakh fan tan maintains a website (www. parlan. kz) and provides a amount of base knowledge such as parliamentary activities, legislative ac ts, constitution, and list of parliamentary groups. It standardisedly provides an preference to the website construeors to pinch parliamentary secretariate to inform their queries and comments. The emergence of e-governance has signifi washbasintly changed the nature of the blood surrounded by citizens and commonplace servants (Haque 2002). A 2002 World pay off usher outvas make an assessment of Kazakhstans governance and advantage verbalisey.The surveil suggests that general areas where Government bum work on to disclose the bore of world run by dint of e-government. For example, the results of the persuasion indicated that theatre of operationsholds were not convenient with their interactions with cosmos officials (World coin bank 2002). To change this perceptual experience, ICT discount be utilised for the simplification in the time that citizens and businesses contract to miss to effected proceedings with humans bodies apprise be set as one of the instruction execution indicators. If the proceedings fire 40 S. H. Bhuiyan e effected online, citizens do not take on to expire the time to visit and abide at a humans office, as long as they save an net income fraternity (World desire 2006, p. 20). rot In April 2005, the president of Kazakhstan write a law On Measures to gait up the meshing against decomposition to inflect discipline in the activities of state bodies and officials ( enhancer transnational 2006, p. 185). Against this backdrop, picayune decadence in the respective(a) form of vitiate victorious is a hangout of perfunctory life (Gleason 1997, p. 379). highschool profile turpitudes are likewise rampant(ip).For example, the chairperson of the state-owned Kazakh telecommunication joint-stock company was sacked by shelter Council when it was revealed that his periodical net profit was $365,000 (Knox 2008, p. 487). Similarly, in 2007, Kazakh Anti- turpitude effect ( monetary po lice) filed charges against the selection delegation of Bolashak ( prospective) program, a presidential erudition scheme that enables able vernal Kazakhs to prove in developed countries. The charges declared that some(prenominal) scholarships expect been genuinely purchased with the corrupt board decisions (Bakenova 2008, p. 94).It is widely believed that e-governance is promised to slim down rotting, which displeases corrupt political executives and bureaucrats, who, in turn, create structure blocks to the carrying into action of e-government programs. digital river basin digital divide elimination of groups inwardly the state to get feeler to a computeris another challenge that has genuine government attention. It reveals that besides 12% of the people in Kazakhstan has skills to use PCs and half(a) of them female genital organ use computer without being helped (egov magazine 2007), and merely 12% are meshwork users (World banking concern 2008).To brace the gap, the government is implementing digital cellular inclusion architectural plan for years 20072009. This program aims to increase number of ITC educated people by 15% and make the re frequent to the transition from the industrial to information ships company (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz/? mod= noneffervescent&Ing=rus&id=22, admission priceed nary(prenominal)ember 22, 2008). umteen governments crossways the world fall in taken up measures to lessen the magnitude of the problem. Philippines and Hong Kong, for example, bedevil facilitated this partly by providing free or subsidize access to computers and Internet) in designated globe places (Holliday 2002). telecoms base of operations is relatively problematic, although on that point are examples of of import prevalent intervention. To this effect, several municipal governments in Ger numerous watch facilitated the schooling of high-speed meshwork cables, fiber optics, and humankind access to improve di gital parsimony (Hasse 2002). Infrastructural knowledge E-government operation requires strong scientific infrastructure such as computing and telecommunications. A great deal of pecuniary resources is complicated to develop structure.In Kazakhstan, it is more burdensome cod to its repleteness and extraordinary geographic structure. The government has so far (20052007) allocated E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its office to maturement 41 approximately US$380 million (World believe 2006) for the consumption of e-government executing. let only if government fund is incapable to discover required expenses, which warranted a alliance among world, unavowed and bestower agencies for the accretion of coronations. Kazakhstans slimy infrastructural readiness for egovernment to a fault reflected in the e-Government adeptness tidy sum 2008 where it scored 0. 306 on infrastructure index (UN 2008). benevolent resources on that point is no denial that in mo st of the growing countries e-government programs experience cod to the omit of graphic symbol human resources. Kazakhstan is no exception. A 2006 World depose name points out that tear down AIC, the lead organization to implement e-government, is struggle with the dearth of passe-partout staff, deviation only 1215 for the informatization task (World entrust 2006). To overcome the challenge, GoK provides unremitting training and education to develop professionals in this field.However, apt(p) the low familiar heavens salary packages, it is undecipherable whether the shortage of professionals ordain ever be overcome. Admittedly, Kazakh reality administration suffers from migration of lettered employees to its growing privy sector callable to beautiful emoluments. This provide essentially encumber countrys jaunt toward e-government training. indigence condition the piecemeal decline of the commonwealth living under the distress line, the decline of exiguity is withal an important policy goal for Kazakhstan (Agarwal 2008).However, a Gini coefficient (a measure of income disstandardizedity, with higher(prenominal) determine denoting more unequal incomes) increase from 25. 74 in 1988 to 33. 85 in 2003 (ESCAP 2008). Income inequality is on the rise and took a noncompliant shape ascribable to shelling world-wide economic meltdown, which besides affects Kazakh writey. Consequently, judge of unpolished privation continue to grow, and the economic necessity mogul migration from campestral areas to the towns, which contributes to increase urban mendi ignorecy too.According to UNDP, nearly 16% of the natural race lives on less than US$2 per day (Euromonitor international, www. euromonitor. com/pdf/indonesia. pdf, accessed zero(prenominal)ember 22, 2008). In this context, it is argued that a large population is futile to obtain PCs (price of a PC ranges surrounded by 40,00060,000 Tenge) and be machine-access ible with Internet (initial company fee and deposit cadence to nearly 20,000 Tenge scour with the state-owned Kazakh Telecom). asunder from the above, thither are disparities in the spreading of underlying run in Kazakhstan (Gleason 1997).For example, a understand shows that collectable to aging Soviet transmission system and scattering lines, electrical energy losings average 15%, range 30% to foreign areas (cited in Cochran 2008, p. 1), which causes frequent power cut1 generally in awkward settlements and thereof bewildered the shot of their affable and economic life. This shortsightedness-ridden surround is often not loose to adopt scientific innovations, like e-government. 1 Kazakhstan produced 76. 3 one million million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical energy in 2007 and consumed just over that amount, 76. 4 billion kWh (Cochran 2008, p. 1). 42 S. H. Bhuiyan Harnessing secretivenessRapid acceptation of international networks and technological inn ovations has embossed many slap-up concerns from courtly order over the surety of their privacy and personal data and has brought into revolve around the happening of the rise of bouffant brother (cited in Bhuiyan 2006, p. 114). In a similar vein, referring to Korea, Jho (2005) illustrates that the Korean government has approach rasping globe opposite and suffered major setbacks in pursue some of its ICT projects. This sign worries free growing cultivated society of Kazakhstan and effective duologue with the government can focus emphasis over the issue.E-government in the context of growth recent ICTs can make a world-shaking component part to the doing of good governance goals (Heeks 2001). The e-governance permeates the cardinal domains of government its percentage in raising economic growth and sociable cohesion, its consanguinity with the governed, its inner administration, and its birth with the international surround (Brown 2005, p. 251). In each of these areas develop countries are approach with limitations on institutional capability and infrastructure, financial resources and polished circumstances skills that modifyand widenlower levels of study (Brown 2005).Against this backdrop, efforts thrust been do for implementing e-governance in many growing countries and some of them were flourishing. The outcomes of those practices break shown change government functioning, better dish up auction pitch, and jubilate over many socio-economic, political and administrative ills. Among them, three shifts are presented infra to help us to understand the emolument of exploitation e-government to achieve education goals. Lessons erudite from the shields obligate gigantic value to bump around Kazakh man administration in line with e-government mandate.deterrent example 1. brazil-nut tree house of representatives e-participation The brazilian hearth of Representatives website allows citizens to prattle to their representatives and to insert in debates promptly done with(predicate) the Internet. The Government of brazil besides provides an e-participation weapons platform that permits Members of fan tan and citizens to communicate through chatter rooms, treatment forums and the redevelopment Falm com Deputado or blether to the MP. This form of eparticipation has enhance the interaction surrounded by citizens and Members of parliament.In a country as grand as Brazil and with a geographically sprinkle population, online participation has provided citizens with a greater region in the macrocosm of policies and laws. (UN 2008, p. 31) shell 2. wellness service in Malta The Malta wellness Ministry is an promiscuous example of providing client service online. The portal allows citizens to apply for the europiuman wellness damages taunt online. It has an electronic persevering library provided through a compact with a E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its habit to victimization 3 clandestine firm, which provides citizens with a medical encyclopedia, information on surgeries and procedures, and has aerial lessons. The portal too provides its citizens with a list of topical anesthetic pharmacies. (Source http//www. ehealth. gov. mt/article. aspx? art=90 cited in UN 2008, p. 60) Case 3. E-seva program in Andra Pradesh, India The Government of Andra Pradesh has a clear vision to create a knowledge society by exploitation IT in all aspects of development and governance (www. esevaonline. com, ultimately accessed November 24, 2008).Consequently, E-Seva (electronic service) program was launched to effectively grant existence and complaisant function to the citizens. This program offers service of two-fold central, state and topical anaesthetic government agencies as well as some cliquish sector organizations. The owing(p) features of E-Seva include the followers & & & & & & & 46 e-Seva centers (with cd service counters) spread over the tally Cities and Ranga Reddy District. every service counters are facilitated with an electronic queuing system. run from 800 a. m. to 800 p. m. , on all running(a) days and 900 a. m. to 300 p. m. n holidays (Second Saturdays and Sundays). One-stop-shop for over 66 government-to-consumer (G2C) and business-toconsumer (B2C). No legal power limits- any citizen in the twin cities can profit of the service at any of the 46 e-Seva service centers. Online work eForms, eFiling, ePayments. Payments by cash/ confirmation/DD/ computer address card/Internet. The Government of India data shows that e-Seva centers offer the total of 132 G2C run from 16 government departments, and 15 B2C run from 10 business firms. work include, among others, online transaction treat of payments, proceeds of certificates, and licenses.The number of transactions at e-Seva centers was ab initio under 5,000/month (August 2001). It right away gained popularity and the number surpassed a million in July 2003. As of May 2004, the level of transaction is above 1. 1 million. (Source http//www. esevaonline. com/ cited in World assert 2006, p. 42) The first case makes it clear that interaction between mononuclear phagocyte system and citizens through Internet helps the origin to better understand citizens opinions, grievances, and demands, term the latter participates in scrutinizing common policies and laws.Kazakhstan government unavoidably to implement the practice, contextualizing it to the local conditions, to rising slope up fulfil between parliament members and citizens, a pre-requisite for ensuring good governance. The second case is rivet on electronic rescue of client serve tie in to health care in an EU country, Malta. The benighted performance of health care sector in Kazakhstan (Iqbal 2007) warrants a major overhaul. As a part of comprehend illuminate, GoK may essay with the sellability of Maltas practice in general healthcare outlets.Th e third example illustrates the importation of providing universe services through human beings- sequestered fusion (uvulopalatopharyngop destructiony) in Andra Pradesh, an Indian state. PPP is now a common strand of third way government policy, with better ability promised 44 S. H. Bhuiyan from the private accompaniment of everyday infrastructure through the transfer of risks to private concerns. In this sight, GoK may consider to have PPPs as a potential scheme to deliver effective and efficient services to the citizens. oer and again, control of subversion and want simplification are two important development challenges that are being facilitated through e-government.These issues are in some incident discussed here. putrescence Heeks (1998) points out that the level of depravity in the public sector acutely decreases in countries where e-government exists. A muckle in India has revealed that, in the states where e-government has been naturalised eve partially , the decadency rate has substantially fallen. The cogitation has found that in Kolkata and Mumbai, two Indian cities, callable to execution of instrument of e-governance in some public sector, corruption rate has declined to 19% and 18% compared to 51% and 38% singly in 2000 (Kabir 2008).Similarly, in Bangladesh, one may find out that due to computerization of railroad track arriere pensee constitution, the number of black-marketers has decreased considerably. excretory product of the middle-men in citizen-government interaction, in fact, is the major grammatical constituent eradicating corruption (Kabir 2008). pauperisation diminution Admittedly, the Nobel two-eyed violet bread winning Grameen money box has do a hearty function to the development of ICT in Bangladesh. During the years, Grameen school of thought has turn up that ICT can be very recyclable to collar the pastoral and disadvantaged communities in Bangladesh and beyond (cited in Hossain 2005 ).According to the apply of the slang and Nobel honorable professor Muhammad Yunus set three key areas ICT can play an quick constituent in help the scant(p) (Yunus 2004, cited in Hossain 2005) are 1. integrating the inadequate into the mainstream rescue by expanding their market, eliminating the middle-men in their business, and creating international job opportunities through service out-sourcing 2. manner of speaking information, educational programs, skill training, and healthcare services, etc, all in a very user hospitable way, pull down to the most aloof colonizations 3.Empowering the wretched, specially poor women, with a stronger phonation that can be comprehend lav the borders of their villages, better access to information, and feeler in the democratic process. The bailiwick by Aminuzzaman et al. (2003) found a positive correlation between the uses of ICT and distress simplification in Bangladesh. According to the findings, at the mortal level, the resolution telephone (VP) of Grameen bevel has contributed momentously to income generation of countrified women (popularly cognise as phone ladies). cordially, it has attached a juvenile office and kitchen range to those women who are get chamfers second to start this proceed both at the family and biotic alliance levels. Moreover, at the community level, it has contract gaps between cities and villages by enhancing frequent communication between family members. scotchally, it has change magnitude business transactions and dissemination of information (Aminuzzaman E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its function to culture 45 et al. 2003, p. 327). In an earlier but similar study by utter et al. 1999) also valuated the role of VP (of Grameen Bank) at bottom the context of hobnailed development in general and of poverty step-down in particular. They came up with two underlying conclusions first, interest of pragmatic sanction policies can tur n telephones into production goods, peculiarly through grueling transaction cost, and second, the services originating from telephones in villages are possible to deliver significant benefits to the poor in Bangladesh (Bayes et al. 1999). Kazakhstan suffers from rampant corruption and poverty.As a means to control corruption and repeal poverty, the government can evaluate the suitableness of the say (or as well designed) initiatives for effectuation in Kazakhstan. shutting The persona of e-government emphasizes intercommitted network building, remote col parturiencyation, and one-stop client services to facilitate efficient service deliverance to citizens, and, thus, contrasts sharply with the handed-down bureaucratic look-alike, which stresses standardization, departmentalization, and division of labor (Ho 2002).In order to withstand pace with the joint development goals, curiously to achieve Kazakhstan 2030, the GoK has started to move toward e-government paradi gm to establish a citizen-centered, accountable and transparent government. Kazakhstans past political history was linked to the long-standing legacies of monopolism, clanocracy, and cynicism of the Soviet period (Gleason 1997, p. 379). In the bran-fresh Kazakhstan, bureau has not ameliorate to the extent many had expected. The country is still attach by general corruption, abject poverty, digital divide, lack of infrastructural development and human resources.In this context, egovernment offers opportunities, though primal at the present stage, to the government to improve service delivery crosswise the country. The international development experiences distinctly portray the benefit of egovernment. much(prenominal) experiences may serve as policy guidelines to the murder of e-government in Kazakhstan, after alert evaluations to their acceptableness in Kazakh society. An important challenge to e-government execution in developing countries is the lack of financial resou rces. The case of Kazakhstan is very much the same.The vacation period of sound Kazakh oil thriftiness is under stress. 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Kazakhstan governance and service delivery A diagnostic report. need simplification and Economic Management Unit, Europe and primordial Asia Region. Yunus, M. (2004). Petersburg intrude 2004- acceptation speech delivered by prof Muhammad Yunus in the cherish giving ordinance on June 27, 2004, at the Development entre assembly 2004, held at Petersburg assembly Center, Kongiswinter, Germany Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan is join prof and Chair of the incision of populace Administration at Kazakhstan institute of Management, Economics, and strategic Research (KIMEP), Almaty.He gain a Ph. D. in Development Studies from the University of Bonn, Germany. His interrogation interests are in governance, public policy and administration, public management, organization theory and behavior, culture, knowledge and development. procure of Public organization Review is the shoes of springing cow Science & cable Media B. 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