Has EU aviation policy failed to meet its overall objective of producing safe, affordable, convenient and efficient services for its customers?

Introduction I don’t agree the EU aviation policy has failed to meet its overall objective of producing safe, affordable, convenient and efficient service for its customer. Mega-policy, according to De (2011, p.22) is master policy that deals with overall goals, certain basic assumption policy instruments and implementation strategies with the aim of typically large scale investments, and is divided as internal and external policy. In the EU aviation industry context, internal policy is meant to govern EU registered airlines whereas External governs non-EU registered airlines. The main aim of EU is to achieve a safe, affordable, convenient and efficient service for consumers. To provide a safe, affordable, convenient and efficient services1. Internal Policyi.Safety: EU established the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) with the goal of ensuring civil aviation safety for its member countries (European Commission, 2009). The agency’s main task is to ensure air transport is safe as well as sustainable. To achieve this important goal, the agency has developed some of safety and environmental rules that must be adhered to by all stakeholders. In addition, it constantly monitors implementation of these standards through regular inspections of member states’ adherence to the rules, as well as offering technical support through training. Through EASA, EU regulates pilot and other crew member training as well as issuance of licences for European pilots. The establishment of single aviation market has been a huge success in enabling the EU agencies to collaborate in monitoring safety policy implementations. For example, European Commission, European Aviation Safety Agency and Eurocontrol have collaborated under the pillar of safe aviation services to the passengers through licensing regulations. Other agencies involved in safety regulation are national civil aviation authorities, and safety investigation authorities, who work to incorporate all stakeholders, including aircraft manufacturers and airline companies, in safety measures. The agencies operate under the common safety rules, which enable them to do random safety inspections at any European airport. Statistics show that, despite the rise in traffic over the last two decades, EU’s air safety initiatives have successfully maintained high standards in terms of aviation safety (EASA Annual Safety Review). It must, however, be noted that despite the raft of security measures, the notion of ‘zero risk’ in aviation does not exist, and occasional cases of accidents may occur. In such cases, EU advises that thorough investigations is the best approach, as studies show that accidents do not occur as a result of single event but a combination of multiple prior events (Ferroff et al., 2012). ii. Freedom to establish & provide services: EU’s establishment of a single European Aviation Market, from the initial 27 national air transport markets all over Europe, has created an atmosphere of success in terms of freedom to all markets. The initiatives were meant to: Increase market access top every European carrier, with no restriction on capacity; Ensure no discrimination in terms of license provision across Europe; Ensure freedom to provide services to the aviation industry Ensure operators’ freedom to pricing their product and services Ensure implement penalties on those who infringe on the procedures The increase in more choices has also seen the number of EU routes increase by 25 percent from 1992 to 2011. The increased competition has led to 420 percent rise in intra-EU routes with more than two carriers over the same period (Zamarreno, 2012). Finally, the EU initiative led to rise in new entrants, which facilitated competition thus the emergence of market for low-cost air services, which currently account for 40 percent of EU aviation market.2. External Policyi. Market Opening The external aviation policy has been an integral part of EU’s strategy in effort towards greater flexibility, consistency and transparency in matters international civil aviation. To achieve these goals, EU has been gradually and consistently making and ratifying bilateral and multilateral agreements with other international aviation bodies outside EU. As such, EU has been carrying out is horizontal mandate of bringing the existing bilateral and multilateral agreements into line with EU laws. They also identified the creation of a Common Aviation Area with neighbouring nations, including United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and India among others as an important step towards realising sustainable growth. This realisation has led to: Over 117 non-EU states accepting EU designation; Close to 1000 bilateral aviation safety agreements have conformed to EU laws, which have translated into over 70 percent rise in EU air traffic; Some neighbouring countries willingly participate in a pan- European Common Aviation Area e.g. agreements with Morocco (signed in December 2006) and Israel (signed in July 2012) among many other nations; Comprehensive agreements with key partners such as United States, Canada and Brazil, which aims to open partners’ markets, removal of investment barriers, and converging regulations across borders; Increased level playing field through adoption of common rules and standards that ensures greater aviation safety, efficient infrastructure, consumer protection and lower prices due to competition (Zmarreno, 2012). ii. Affordability and Convenience An external policy has meant that EU citizens benefits from reduced prices and more travel offers resulting from competition between EU and international airlines. Moreover, every airline must up its game by offering better services in terms of quality and convenience to withstand competition. The European Union aviation industry employs more than five million people around the world and contributes ˆ365 billion to the European GDP (Sandbag, 2012). In spite of the current economic crisis, it is projected that global aviation industry will continue to experience an average annual growth of 5 percent till 2030. When EU emphasises its commitment to external partnerships through their external aviation policies, their goal is to ensure barriers to growth is eliminated through removal of any limiting factor of investment (e.g. airline ownership). It must be noted that initial ownership of airlines were highly regulated, with governments restricting foreign ownership in what was cited as national security measures. However, the discriminatory approach to ownership was removed, thanks to EU’s raft measures to increase fairness, allowing more openness in market access and competition. For example, EU has a general ownership rule that allows up to 49 percent foreign owne rship of a European aviation company (European Commission, 2009). This is much better than the United States’ 25 percent of voting stocks restrictions to foreign ownership. Arguably, this arrangement has made EU aviation industry more attractive to external investors, hence the region’s benefits from large economy of scale. iii. Environmental Safety Aviation industry is responsible for 2.5 percent of the total global carbon emission (Sandbag, 2012). This percentage rises to 4.9 percent of the total anthropogenic carbon effect if all the radiation components are included. Put to context, this would make aviation industry the seventh largest carbon emitting ‘country’ worldwide. The forecast from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) indicates that by 2036 carbon emissions from the industry alone will hit 300% compared to 2011 levels (Bows, et al., 2010). European Union’s decision to include aviation industry into its carbon market, with the introduction of Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), signalled their desire to protect the global climate. More importantly, EU member countries ensured EU law has primacy over national law, hence giving the union broader power to control any form of environmental destruction that may emerge from a single country’s non-compliance. In December 2012, EU’s court of Justice made a major landmark decision when it ruled out that the decision by the EU to include the international aviation in the ETS did not contravene international law as claimed by many international airline operators (Sandbag, 2012). This meant that the court gave EU authority to implement the carbon emission policy. Although there is still an ongoing row that has escalated into a number of non-EU members joining forces together to challenge EU and its emission policy, the steps towards safer environment is on course, with EU leading the park towards realising this important milestone It is important to note that major EU airlines are in the process of adopting ETS to set pace for their international peers. This is an important step considering that 25 percent of the total aviation emission comes from the region’s airlines (Braun, 2008). Conclusion EU aviation policy has been hailed around the world as one that has achieved success amid the biting economic challenges facing many airline industry players. EU aviation industry has seen tremendous growth and development for the last two decades. One of reasons for this astronomical growth has been attributed to the union’s efforts to provide safe, affordable, convenient and efficient service for its customers. Policy formulation, research and implementation are some of the most important operational aspects of aviation sector the union has embraced. Despite the numerous challenges, some of which are cross-border related, various reports show that EU’s efforts have resulted into some measurable success that is not comparable to any other regional union around the world. The union’s mega policy on aviation, which consists of internal and external, has seen substantial changes in safety, freedom to establish and provide more choices, opening of more markets, incr eased affordability & convenience and environmental safety. These initiatives have also led to affordable pricing by the airlines, convenience, and safer environment. It’s no doubt the reason why EU is considered the world’s largest and the most successful regional market integration with the most liberalised air transport. References Bows, A., Mander, S. Randles, S., and Anderson K. (2010). Aviation emission in the context of climate change: a consumption- production approach. Final Policy Report. June 2010. Braun, M. (2008). The evolution of emission trading in the European Union- The role of policy networks, knowledge and policy entrepreneurs. Accounting Organisations and Society doi:10.1016/j.aos.2008.06.002: 1-19. De, P.K. (2011). Public Policy and Systems. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Education. EASA Annual Safety Review: http://easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/general publications European Commission. (2009). FWC Sector Competitiveness Studies- Competitiveness of the EU Aerospace Industry with focus on: Aeronautics Industry. European Commission Final Report, 15 December 2009. Ferroff, C., Mavin, T.J., Bates P.R. and Murray, P.S. (2012). A case for social constructionism in aviation safety and human performance research. Aeronautica, Issue 3, p. 1-12. Sandbag (2012), Aviation and the EU ETS: What happened in 2012 during ‘Stop the Clock’December 2012. Last retrieved on 14 May 2012 from http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_Aviation_and_the_EU_ETS_2012_171213_1.pdf Zmarreno, C.M. (2012). EU aviation policy in terms of access market. Presentation for Euromed Aviation II: initial workshop on Market Access, Brussels, 17 December 2012.

Principles of Management Essay

â€Å"The managers role is critical to helping facilitate the establishment of effective peer review structures and processes. † GEORGE, V. , & HAAG-HEITMAN, B. (2011). Without a responsible and effective manager there wouldn’t be a huge camaraderie in the work place environment. A manager is an inspiration for work ethic and helps others be motivated to strive for the best. Managers also delegate the work load and make sure the employees stay on task and accomplish their tasks in a safe and timely manner. The manager needs to be the motivator to get things completed so that the business is ran smoothly. Managers do have an advantage because they really don’t have to motivate someone but being a leader you have to know different techniques to getting things done in a fun or motivating way so they have to have a good imagination or be great at thinking outside the box. The manager also needs to make sure he/she has things organized so that things can be accessed easily or even dealt with easily rather than being constantly confused. Communication and organization go hand in hand for managers. Three traits that are important to have to be an effective manager would be communication motivation and organization. Communication because if they can’t go out of the way to talk to their employees then things will get a bit confusing and will cause issues in the work place. Motivation because without a motivator there’s no push to get things done since there’s little inspiration. Organization because you need to have your ducks in a row to make sure things are done correctly and in the right fashion. Otherwise, without these three traits, being a manager would be quite hard. Many things are needed to be able to talk to your employees and explain what needs to be done as well as giving them the push to get it done correctly. When you have all your â€Å"ducks† or ideas in a row it helps you make better decisions and get things done in a faster fashion. Having everything where they are supposed to be makes everything that much easier to access. For instance if there is a problem with a manager and an employee regarding how long a lunch break is, then if you know where the hand book is you can grab it and tell them exactly how long as well as telling the employee the reasons why as well. Not to mention if you have everything organized and done as well then you won’t be bombarded with this argument so you can have complete focus on it. Organizational habits make the work place less stressful which helps with making good decisions. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Many different things are thought out and gone through in order to really grasp the order to manage properly. Some people can do this on the whim of their day but others have to go thru the process to make sure everything is done correctly step by step. Planning is the first step because it gets the core information out like the who what where when why and how of things. Then you have to organize your information to really look at what needs to be handled and what to tackle first. Once things are in place and you know your next moves you then the manager sets out to do his job and points others into the right direction. Managers know what they can and can’t do and how much money they have to play with in order to get it done. When this is done correctly managers can use this tactical advantage with many things like learning what the economy is wanting to get it out on the market to even selling them something promising that will be the next big thing. To perform the four managerial tasks efficiently and effectively, organizations group or differentiate their managers in two main ways – by level in hierarchy and by type of skill. † (Jones, G. , & George, J. 2011) Managers have to be head strong and know what needs to be accomplished. A manager is an inspiration for work ethic and helps others be motivated to strive for the best. Managers also delegate the work load and make sure the employees stay on task and accomplish their tasks in a safe and timely manner.

Approach to Contempory Chinese studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Approach to Contempory Chinese studies - Essay Example However, there have been skeptics from certain quarters, questioning the sustainability of China’s growth and her ability to surpass the United States of America as a superpower by the year 2050. Some have indicated that the economy of China s set to decline and falter given the fact that the country is marred with much corruption. These critics have pointed to the fact the China is governed by one party, lacks checks and balances and that the freedom of the media is not observed. In this aspect, it has been noted that such a country is not poised to prosper and flourish in the modern world. Also, China continues to position herself as a country to reckon with, and one that is set to topple the other super powers and reach the top. This aspect has been exhibits in the nation’s capture of top prizes and accolades. Among these accolades include America’s prominent intellectuals and receipt of six Nobel prizes awarded to the country (Central Intelligence Agency, 199 3). China’s journey to becoming a super power is coined mainly in its economic muscles. The production of China has increased thanks to three years of Communism in the country by 1970s. This increase has, however, not been a smooth one as the country had to grapple with the death of about 35 million people dying of hunger during the devastating famine that hit the country in the years 1958 and 1978. This famine was as a result of forced industrialization by the Mao reign. China saw its population grow rapidly during this era, and there was a slight improvement in the standard of life in the country. Chinas threat to America has further been characterized by the steady growth of its economy and a reduction in population. This rapid growth was achieved three decades to 2010. China’s economic achievements were rated to be among the most amazing ones in the history of human species (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1995). The economy grew to over 40- fold between the years

Small Business Enterprise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Small Business Enterprise - Assignment Example such provides basic amenities to the guests mainly in the form of a 7feet by 4 feet room and a TV to stay for the night comfortably at reduced costs. The company wants to expand abroad and build on the path of innovations. However among the major problems that the company is facing one of the problems is the problem of finance. The company is reeling under the problems of debt that is due to the fact that the no. of guests that the hotel entertains is very less. In case of a small enterprise the issue of performance is often overlooked. This is more so in a family owned business like that of Lubic. However, developing the necessary business skills is of paramount importance in managing the performance of a small and medium sized enterprise. This is because in case of the small and medium sized enterprise which are family owned the responsibility to handle the business is means of hereditary succession. However, if the successor is not worthy then the business performance is put to jeopardy. In order to improve performance it is sometimes required to introduce change. In order to restructure the business of the Lubic hotels for examples there are several changes that have to be introduced and if the business has to survive in the long run it has to embrace this changes. In order to see whether the proposed changes are working a review of the performance is taken after the changes have been implemented for a period of time. The small business enterprise that has been selected for discussion is a Japanese hotel named as Lubic small hotel. This hotel is formed to provide comfort accommodation to its customers at an affordable price. Since the concerned hotel is a small enterprise it is operated with the employee strength of only 8 members. Lubic small hotel had to face many obstacles and challenges in carrying out its business in Japan. The weakness that was encountered by the hotel is it faced the problem of inadequate supply of capital to renovate its hotel and

Adult Law in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adult Law in Social Work - Essay Example Disabilities are long-term conditions implying that persons with disabilities live with the condition for a minimum of one year. Being a long-term condition also implies that disabilities can be a lifelong condition. Mrs. Lambat has physical impairments resulting from repeated stroke attacks and hence she is a disabled person according to the Act. Mrs. Lambat is currently depending on her daughters for her day-to-day requirements. However, her daughters intend to return to their homes and workplace soon. The daughters together with their mother’s doctor have made a plan to take her to a referral center without her knowledge. This easy will therefore examine an adult case of Mrs. Lambat from the perspective of a local authority social worker. The essay will also consider laws policies and statutory guidance in the given case with relation to disabled people. Through this case, the essay will analyze the dilemma faced by social workers in similar scenarios. The essay will theref ore concentrate on policies relating to assessment, budgetary allocation, and provision of services and care for the disabled people like Mrs. Lambat. Controversies relating to the definition of disability and disabled persons complicate the process of identifying disabled people. Identification of people with disabilities is an important step in providing care to people living with disabilities. The importance attached with the identification process implies that there is need to have measures or guidelines to assist in the identification process. UK laws and policies relating to disabilities provide appropriate measures and guidelines for the identification of disabled people. Some of these laws and policies are important in determining or measuring the level of disability in a person. Mrs. Lambat’s daughters require the knowledge of these legislation and policies. The knowledge of the laws and policies related to persons living with disabilities will enable them to determi ne their mother’s degree of disability and the implication of necessary laws and policies (Austin, 2003). The knowledge of their mother’s degree of disability will enable them to make appropriate decision when choosing the appropriate mode of care. Knowledge of these laws and policies will enable them to evaluate the benefits of having their mother under referral care or homecare. The knowledge Equality Act of 2010 will enable the daughters and the doctor to make appropriate decisions concerning the best care for Mrs. Lambat. The Equality Act of 2012 defines a disabled person as a person with physical or mental impairments (National disability authority, web). According to the Act disability is the inability to perform day-to-day tasks in the long term due to the impairment. This definition will enable them to recognize their mother as a disabled person who needs care. The Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 defines disability based on medical principals (Wehman, 198 8). According to the Act, a disabled person is a person with certain medical conditions or limitations that make them unable to carry out their day-to-day activities normally. Mrs. Lambat disability resulted from repeated strokes and hence according to this Act she is a disabled person. Knowledge of this Act will enable the daughters to make informed choices concerning the best care to give to their mother (Government of Ireland 2004). The two basic Acts emphasize on the fact that disabled person are unable to perform their day-to-day task and hence require constant support. This implies that the daughters have a duty to take care of their mother. According to the case study, the daughters will be soon returning to

Is it Morally Acceptable to Illegally Download a Hollywood Movie Essay

Is it Morally Acceptable to Illegally Download a Hollywood Movie - Essay Example Most of the information found on the internet is copyrighted. Therefore it is illegal to share information without the permission of the owner. The violation of this law has often been associated with the internet users who often download and share copyrighted information without the owner’s knowledge. Internet users are supposed to pay for the use of online books, music, movies, software and many forms of intellectual properties.   Most copyright owners are supposed to restrict the use of their work to avoid the sharing of their work without their permission. With the presence of such online information, internet users often worry about the imposed rules concerning copyright. Restrictions may hinder the evolution of technology. One such online threat is piracy, which is defined by Hunnewell as â€Å"the illegal duplication and distribution of sound recordings†.Commercial pirates use the Internet to transfer movie files from one country to another for download and sub sequent duplication and counterfeits in other markets. As Waterman wonders, â€Å"no one can be certain whether Hollywood’s worst case scenario of movie revenue decimal due to p2p file sharing will materialize† (2009, p. 261).   It is a fact that the markets for Hollywood movies do not only belong to the English speaking people but also many others natives across the world America, a copyright’s aim is included in the constitution. It is meant to promote the progress of science.

World War I Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World War I Propaganda - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in April 1917, the U.S.A. entered World War I and within no time produced many propaganda posters.   These posters were to encourage the civilians to take the war seriously and to encourage them to support their soldiers for their small requirements so that they can fight at the front with ample of resources and with peace of mind. These posters were made to motivate the mass of America to eat those food products that cannot be given to the soldiers and therefore the posters encouraged the civilians to eat cheese and save the more energy giving food like wheat to the soldiers, they encouraged the civilians to eat less and save more food and long-lasting food products for their soldiers. The paper tells that the posters encouraged the civilians to make more ships and ammunition which are required for the war. The posters were motivating people to participate in the war by joining the American army/ navy and also motivating to inculcat e the thought in the minds of civilians that â€Å"together we win†. The posters were loaded with the patriotic messages and actions to inspire the people of America to work for their countrymen and to be helping hands for each other and moreover for the soldiers. The author has rightly presented that the posters carried the messages of President and all the big leaders to make people aware of the happenings in the country.

Robin Hood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robin Hood - Essay Example One of the manuscripts says that Robin Hood was born in 1155. Another manuscript dates his birth in 1220; another one states that he was born between 1280 and 1290 and that he was a part of a rebellion movement against Edward II in 1320. In addition, there is a lot of confusion over the birth place of Robin Hood. The ballads states that he was born in Locksly, Nottinghashire. They also suggest that Robin Hood was the son of William Fitzooth, who was the owner of the land of Loxley. (Vahimagi 30-33) In the popular culture Robin Hood is portrayed as living in Nottinghamshire. Many of the early ballads took place in Nottinghamshire, and they showed Robin Hood and his men fighting in the forest of Sherwood. Some of the early references suggest that Robin Hood may have origins from the land of Barnsland which is now known as the South Yorkshire. (Potter 17) There are many different sources which tell us about different locations referring to be Robin Hood's true home. A tradition belonging to the sixteenth century suggests Loxley as a birth place of Robin Hood. There is a well in Yorkshire known as the Robin Hood's well which is associated with him as early as 1400. His grave is located in the West Yorkshire with a headstone of doubtful authenticity. (Potter 19-20) We find the first references to the rhymes of Robin Hood from a poem written in 14th century by Piers Plowman. From the earliest surviving copies of the ballads it is very clear that Robin Hood had special regards for wo men. He had remarkable skills as an archer and had anti-clerical beliefs. He had a very hostile attitude towards the sheriff of Nottingham, too. (Blamires 28) In popular culture Robin Hood is seen as the supporter of King Richard the Lionheart who was a king in the 12th century. Robin Hood became an outlaw because of the misrule of the king's brother John. One of the oldest ballads known as the Robin Hood and the Monk tells us that Robin Hood had a very little support as a partisan of the king. (Blamires 50-56) The early ballads also provide us with clear picture about Robin Hood's social status. He is named as a yeoman, the meaning of this word have changed over the time from aristocrat to free retainer and landholder. But this word was generally referred to the commoners. In the sixteenth century many attempts were made particularly through two famous plays known as Earl of Huntingdon and Anthony Munday to give Robin Hood noble status. The legend of Robin Hood was also transmitted into Robin Hood games and important plays which were presented in the May Day festivities in the late medieval and early modern times. We find the first record of Robin Hood games in Exeter in 1425. (Hahn 17) But no one was certain about how old this tradition was at that time. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Robin Hood games have flourished. Thorough May games, Maid Marian and a jolly friar connected with the legend. The ballads associated with Robin Hood connect him with recognizable places and there are many people in the world who believe and who are convinced that Robin Hood was a real hero and a real person. There are different theories to indentify the real Robin Hood and for each theory there are numerous supporters. According to some theories Robin Hood was his real name. Other theories suggest that

Spirituality Occupational Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spirituality Occupational Model - Essay Example It includes creation of new friendly relations, learning other opinions, acknowledging different beliefs and values, and grabbing each chance one has to go to new places. Occupational therapy has conventionally focused on psychodynamics, behaviorism, humanism, and multiculturalism however now a days spirituality is developing the most influential force. Spirituality is a person's assessment arrangement and it is obvious that consumers' values in general and immigrant consumers' values in particular enter into occupational therapy. Occupational therapy clear the significance of dealing with a consumer's ideals, values and attitudes, consequently investigating how occupational therapy incorporates spirituality as a fundamental argument is imperative. On the other hand, integrating spirituality into occupational therapists training programs might produce quarrel for therapist educators and counselors for the reason of differing analysis of the significance of spirituality. Spirituality is defined as an internal constituent of a person's discernment of veracity. So Spirituality is an association with an Inspirational Creature that promotes logic of connot ation, reason, and assignment in life.

1-calculate the Z-Score & Comment on the results,2- Find a debt rating Assignment

1-calculate the Z-Score & Comment on the results,2- Find a debt rating & Comment on the rating - Assignment Example It can also be used to evaluate the managers of a company, if the Z-score is favourable then the managers are doing a good job and the converse is also true. Additionally, the model can be used to check the viability of the firm before seeking employment and also to predict business failure of the company Debt rating refers to the continued monitoring of the firm’s financial status after they have been issued with a debt (Javier, 2014). The ratings are expressed as letters ranging from ‘AAA’ which represents the highest investment grade to ‘C’ which represents the lowest investment grade. This rating has an impact on the returns that must be offered in order to sell the debt instrument. For a firm to be considered suitable for investment, it must achieve a greater credit rating which is a crucial threshold because many funds are prevented by their ratings from any investments in bonds. Using the Standard and Poor’s debt rating agency, the above ratios indicate that the firm has a credit rating grade of B and below which is the low credit rating also referred to as the non-investment grade and is an indicator that the company is facing significant financial risks. Therefore, the power corporation should take necessary steps to prevent the company from being declared

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay Example for Free

Motivation and Leadership Effect on Job Performance Essay Introduction Leadership and motivation traditionally play a very important role in the functioning of organizations. Nowadays, the role of leadership and motivation increases even more significantly because of the growing competition and the increasing significance of human resources for the progress of organizations. In fact, it should be pointed out that leadership and motivation are closely entangled concepts which constitute an important part of the success of an organization. It is obvious that the effective leadership and motivation can contribute to the progress of an organization, while poor leadership and the lack of motivation can weaken the normal functioning of an organization and lead to the crisis within an organization that will naturally affects its performance. In this respect, it is important to underline the fact that leadership and motivation affect considerably the organizational behavior and culture and they define the formation of the effective relationships between the personnel of an organization. In such a situation, it is necessary to fully reveal the significance of leadership and motivation in the current business environment in order to assess adequately perspective of the improvement of the effectiveness of leadership and motivation within an organization. At the same time, the analysis of theoretical framework only, it appears that insufficient for the understanding of the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of an organization. Consequently, it is also necessary to pay a particular attention to the practical aspects of leadership and motivation  that means that it is necessary to analyze some practical examples that could reveal the significance of leadership and motivation for the performance of a n organization Review of Literature Motivation and Job Performance * The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). * Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). * Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations try hard to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). * The quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm. Concern for strategic integration, commitment flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employee’s motivation and retention. Financial motivation has become the most concern in today’s organization, and tying to apply Maslow’s basic needs, non-financial aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. * According to Greenberg and Baron (2003, 2000) definition of motivation could be divided into three main parts. The first part looks at arousal that deals with the drive, or energy behind individual (s) action. People turn to be guided by their interest in making a good impression on others, doing interesting work and being successful in what they do. The second part referring to the choice people make and the direction their behavior takes. The last part deals with maintaining behavior clearly defining how long people have to persist at attempting to meet their goals. * Motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation concerns behavior influenced by obtaining external rewards (Hitt, Esser, Marriott, 1992). Praise or positive feedback, money, and the absence of punishment are examples of extrinsic or external rewards (Deci, 1980). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something simply for the pleasure of performing that particular activity (Hagedoorn and Van Yperen, 2003). Examples of intrinsic factors are interesting work, recognition, growth, and achievement. *  Several studies have found there to be a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and job per formance as well as intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction (Linz, 2003). This is significant to firms in todays highly competitive business environment in that intrinsically motivated employees will perform better and, therefore, be more productive, and also because satisfied employees will remain loyal to their organization and feel no pressure or need to move to a different firm. * Deci and Ryan (2000) conducted and replicated an experiment that showed the negative impact of monetary rewards on intrinsic motivation and performance. A group of college students were asked to work on an interesting puzzle. Some were paid and some were not paid for the work. The students that were not being paid worked longer on the puzzle and found it more interesting than the students being paid. When the study was brought into a workplace setting, employees felt that their behavior was being controlled in a dehumanizing and alienating manner by the rewards. It was discovered that rewards would seriously decrease an employees motivation to ever perform the task being rewarded, or one similar to it, any time in the future. Another observation of the study was that employees would expect a reward every time the task was to be completed if the reward was offered at one time. Employees would require the reward in order to perform the job and would probably expect the reward to increase in amount. If the rewards were not increased or if they were taken away they actually served as negative reinforcement. * Deci and Ryan (2001), in collaboration with two of their colleagues, conducted a study to examine the effects of performance-contingent rewards on an employees intrinsic motivation. * (Cameron, Deci, Koestner, and Ryan, 2001). These types of rewards are very controlling since these rewards are directly associated with an employees performance of some task. In that respect, performance-contingent rewards undermine intrinsic motivation; however, if the reward given to the employee conveys that the employee has performed on a truly outstanding level, the reward would serve to solidify that employees sense of competence and decrease the negative effect on that employees intrinsic motivation. Also significant in the study was the importance of the interpersonal atmosphere within which the performance-contingent rewards were distributed. * When Cameron et al. (2001) compared the administering of rewards in a controlling climate and in  a non-controlling climate, they discovered that the performance-contingent rewards given in the more controlling interpersonal climate undermined intrinsic motivation. To prevent the decrease in employees intrinsic motivation, the interpersonal climate when distributing performance-contingent rewards should be more supportive. * Vroom (1964) proposes that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it he suggest that motivation leads to efforts and the efforts combined with employees ability together with environment factors which interplay’s resulting to performance. This performance interns lead to various outcomes, each of which has an associated value called Valence. * Adams (1965) on his part suggests that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for high performance. According to him the outcome from job includes; pay recognition, promotion, social relationship and intrinsic reward. To get these rewards various inputs needs to be employed by the employees to the job as time, experience, efforts, education and loyalty.He suggests that, people tend to view their outcomes and inputs as a ratio and then compare these ratios with others and turn to become motivated if this ratio is high. Leadership Effectiveness and Job Performance Leadership, or more specifically effective leadership, is every bit as crucial (if not more so) in African Organizations as it is throughout the world. African organizations are no different from others Worldwide in terms of striving for performance in order to be globally competitive. The South African situation, however, is incredibly complex as many organizations are caught in the middle of a web of authoritarian hierarchies and traditional leadership approaches, as well as bureaucratic hierarchies mixed with modern approaches to leadership * (Grobler, Wà ¤rnich, Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2002). It is argued that effective leadership has a positive influence on the performance of organizations (Maritz, 1995; Bass, 1997; Charlton, 2000). Ultimately it is the performance of many Individuals that culminates in the performance of the organization, or in the achievement of organizational goals. Effective leadership is  instrumental in ensuring organizational performance. * (Cummings and Schwab, 1973; Hellriegel, Jackson, Slocum, Staude, Amos, Klopper, Louw and Oosthuizen, 2004). As a result, many leadership theories have been proposed in the last fifty years which are claimed to have influenced the overall effectiveness of the organizations where they have been employed. In the competitive world business environment it is vital that organisations employ leadership styles that enable organisations to survive in a dynamic environment. * (Maritz, 1995; Bass,1997) Performance has been defined by Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (1999) as the level of an individual’s work achievement after having exerted effort. * Cummings and Schwab (1973) and Whittenand Cameron (1998) believe that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental variables influencing performance primarily through their effect on the individual determinants of performance – ability and motivation. * Behling and McFillen (1996) confirmed the link between high performance and leadership in the United States by developing a model of charismatic/transformational leadership where the leaders’ behaviour is said to give rise to inspiration, awe and empowerment in his subordinates, resulting in exceptionally high effort, exceptionally high commitment and willingness to take risks. It has been widely accepted that effective organizations require effective leadership, and organizational performance will suffer in direct proportion to the neglect of this (Maritz, 1995; Ristow, Amos and Staude, 1999).

Natural Environment and Early Human Development Essay Example for Free

Natural Environment and Early Human Development Essay In order to support the idea of nurture influences on early human development, psychologists have done some researches on several factors of early human development. One of these factors is motor development. All children go through the same stages which begin with rolling over and end by walking. However, it seems that motor behaviours can be improved by practice or encouragement. This belief is supported by Zelazo and Kolb (1972) who did an experiment where infants, who were given stepping practice during the first two months, began walking five to seven weeks earlier than babies who had no practice. Such a result can be considered as an environmental influence. Another factor, which has been researched, is speech development. Speech can be improved by more talking with babies or rewarding them for making speech sounds. Kagan (1979) claimed that children, who were reared in middle-class American homes, begin to speak one year earlier than children reared in some villages such as San Marcos due to the fact that these children, culturally, have little â€Å"verbal interaction† with adults. This research assures the importance of the environments, nurture, in early human development. In conclusion, psychologists and scientist have been arguing as to whether nature or nurture has more influence on early human development. As a result both heredity or the nature and environment or nurture are important factors in shaping human personality, but environment is the more important one. Because nature only goes so far whereas further growth and development is formed by the environments influence on early human development.

Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna

Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna The Effect of Alcohol and Caffeine Concentrations on Daphnia Magna Abstract The target of this experiment was to study the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the heart, using the Daphnia Magna as the test subject. The hypothesis was: Increasing the concentration of caffeine in which the Daphnia Magna is submerged will cause its heart rate to increase, while increasing the concentration of alcohol in which it is submerged will cause its heart rate to decrease. To test this hypothesis two Daphnia Magna were exposed to either alcohol or caffeine and its heart rate recorded by placing it on a microscope slide and counting the number of heart beats. It was deducted that the alcohol and caffeine had a very notable effect on the heart, with alcohol slowing it down and caffeine speeding it up. At the highest concentration of alcohol, the heart rate slowed and in turn the higher concentration of caffeine affected the heart rate by increasing it. I feel that the same concept of the effect of alcohol and caffeine on Daphnia Magna would be the same concept for its effec t on humans also sense alcohol is a depressant it tends to slow down the body as Caffeine is well known for giving our bodies a boost of energy. Introduction It was obvious to test the effects that alcohol and caffeine have on the human heart. The effects of alcohol and caffeine were a distinct interest sense they are drugs that are consumed on a large scale in society. However, because it is difficult to perform experiments of this nature on humans and get accurate results, we decided to use Daphnia Magna as a substitute for a human. Though humans and Daphnia Magna are different organisms, alcohol and caffeine should have an almost identical effect on them. The effect when both organisms are exposed to the same amounts of alcohol and caffeine should be more noticeable in Daphnia Magna because they are much smaller, so in turn the chemicals will flow through the Daphnia Magna’s form quicker and effect each cell more. There are many explanations why Daphnia Magna are commonly used compared to the use of a human as test subject. Firstly, Daphnia Magna are simple organisms compared to humans thus there are less factors that we have no control over what could likely affect the heart rate. Secondly, the heart of the Daphnia Magna is easy to view and examine because of their transparent body form. Thirdly, it is logical to use a Daphnia Magna because the effects of the drug will be observed much more quickly, within moments compared to around half an hour in humans. Also, to get usable results, it would be necessary to supply a human subject with a reasonable large amounts of alcohol or caffeine, which wouldn’t be good for short term health, as well as unscrupulous. The hypothesis under investigation was developed because depressants, like alcohol tend to decrease the activity of the body’s organs, whilst stimulants like caffeine tend to increase such activity. Methods and Materials Two Daphnia Magna specimen were collected from the habitat container and then placed each in their own hanging drop slide carefully so they would not slide all over like they would a traditional flat slide. This way one slide would have one Daphnia Magna testing the varying concentrations of alcohol and the other Caffeine. In caffeine we readied concentrations of 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.75% and 1.0% levels of concentration. One member held a bottle of distilled water to be used in between concentrations. The water allows the Daphnia Magna to rest a moment that way it doesn’t die to quickly from the various concentrations. One member will begin the experiment by tallying its heart beats per seconds to allow for an average heart rate. The group then subtracted the water from the slide and replaced it with the fist concentration of caffeine counting the heart beat 15 seconds again then quickly taking away the caffeine and replacing it back with distilled water. We repeat this process and collect the data until all concentrations have be used and the data compiled. Alcohol there were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of concentrations. Using a Microscope as well as a fresh bottle of water to adjust the Daphnia Magna to the stress of the many concentrations makes the experiment a little easier. As we did with the caffeine the group used a fresh Daphnia Magna collected the average heartbeat and began the process of subjecting the Daphnia Magna to the Alcohol concentrations collecting the heart beat data and observing how it changes with each concentration. Results Results demonstrates the profound effect the alcohol and caffeine both have on the heart. As shown in figure 1 and 3 the higher the concentration of caffeine the faster the heart becomes. In figures 2 and 4 Alcohol seems to have the opposite affect and slows the heart rate down increasingly with each concentration. Within our results it can be determined that when humans consume alcohol that they will experience a slowness and often a more depressed feeling. On the flip side when humans are exposed to caffeine it can be seen that there is a burst of energy â€Å"Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. Your central nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord, and the other nerves in your body. Caffeine’s main effect on your body is to make you feel more awake and alert for a while† (FDA, 2007) Table 1: group data for Caffeine concentrations Caffeine Concentrations and how they affect the heart rate Concentration Heart Rate 15 sec Heart Rate (BPM) 0% 53 216 0.25% 42 168 0.50% 39 156 0.75% 28 112 1.0% 31 124 Figure 1: the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM Table 2: Group data for alcohol concentrations Alcohol concentrations and how they affect the heart rate Concentration Heart Rate 15 sec Heart Rate (BPM) 0% 31 133.33 2% 27 108 4% 24 96 6% 12 68 8% 19 76 10% 14 56 Figure 2: the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM. Table 3: Class data for caffeine concentrations Water Control AVG 0.25% Caf 0.5% Caf 0.75% Caf 1.0% Caf KR 216 168 156 112 124 g1 45.3 56 84 96 88 G2 248 448 452 480 508 Jeep 132 208 164 220 188 G5 133.3 120 112 124 136 Average 154.92 200 193.6 206.4 208.8 Figure 3: the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine.   Ã‚   Table 4: Class data for Alcohol concentrations Initials Water Control AVG 2% Alc 4% Alc 6% Alc 8% Alc 10% Alc KR 133.33 108 96 68 76 56 g1 54 248 285 236 188 172 G2 205.3 312 240 180 64 48 Jeep 181 148 152 124 124 108 G5 205.3 240 196 232 212 100 Average 155.8 211.2 193.8 168 132.8 96.8 Figure 4: the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol. Discussion â€Å"Alcohol affects every organ in the drinkers body and can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and liver disease.† (Abuse, 2014)

about the new pope :: essays research papers

â€Å"A New Pope but Not a New Path.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this article about the new Pontiff, Benedict XVI, the author tells about Cardinal Ratzinger’s life. He was known as Pope John Paul II enforcer. Cardinal Ratzinger was called many things for this such as â€Å"Joe the Rat† and God’s Rottweiler†. Cardinal Ratzinger is one of the most conservative men in the Roman Catholic Church today. He holds many of the beliefs that his predecessor held. Cardinal Ratzinger holds that Roman Catholicism is the one â€Å"true† religion and he does not believe in same sex marriage, or women priests, and stem cell research. Because of his conservative beliefs, Cardinal Ratzinger has alienated many liberal Roman Catholics here in America and in parts of Europe. For these reasons the Roman Catholic Church in Europe might see a steep decline because the new Pope views them as a morally decaying society in what is already a Roman Catholic declining society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To be fair, the author of the article talks a little about the new Pope’s youth. In the 1960’s, Pope Benedict XVI was a liberal academic who served as an advisor to the Second Vatican Council. While serving the Council he supported many of their endeavors to opening the church. When Marxism reared its head in the late 1960’s Cardinal Ratzinger was pushed to become a conservative. He became involved in the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith, and became its leader in which he loosed much liberation in Africa and in Latin America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Roman Catholics want to see their church reignited in Europe and the West. Unfortunately, under this new Pope, these hopes have been obliterated. While he undoubtedly is a great and capable theologian, he lacks pastoral experience and the compassion it takes to view others beliefs. While his name Benedict would seem that his mission is to rekindle the church in Europe and the West, his achievements throughout his life and his lack of openness speak for themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that this author has done a good job to explain where the Roman Catholic Church is and where it needs to be going. The author does a good job in detailing who the new Pope is by pointing out important facts of his history.

Im Not Really Like That, Am I? :: Men Women Female Male Macho Essays

I'm Not Really Like That, Am I? Once upon a time . . . Who am I kidding? It was yesterday. I was reading the article "I'll Explain It to You," by Deborah Tannen. Now I'm a male and I'll have to admit, I feel like I've been persecuted. She claims men can be macho, dominating, and self-centered with a woman during a conversation. I feel this is a horrible stereotype to give us. We don't really act like that. To prove my point I'll use a conversation I had with three other people: two girls and another guy. Now this conversation will clearly prove that we (men) aren't how Tannen describes us in her article. Before I describe the conversation, I should begin by talking about some of the situations that led up to it. For instance, I came up to the group of people wanting to speak to my friend. He wasn’t doing much of anything, besides sitting on a couch. So I sat down beside him and I started to have a conversation with him. Now I noticed that the two girls, who were sitting on the couch beside him, were attractive so I began to speak a little more openly. This encouraged the girls to join in (my plan was just starting). They became interested in what we were talking about and began to give their opinions on what we were discussing, which leads into the discussion . . . The topic of this conversation was relationships. When the girls became interested they asked, "What are you guys talking about?" My friend answered, "Women, and how they play with our minds." Now see, two guys can have a perfectly meaningful conversation without degrading anyone. Of course, I then asked one of them if she would like to play with my mind, but that just got us off track of the conversation. Oh, no! I just proved one of Tannen's point's by making a joke. Not only a senseless joke, but a macho joke. Tannen claims that men tend to tell more jokes than women during conversation. According to the article, telling jokes can be a way of negotiating status (266). The article also claims that because women do not care if they hold center stage in a group, they are less likely to use jokes as a form of getting their audience's attention. So, I guess by telling my flirtatious joke, I demonstrated how men like to hold control of a conversation.

Treasure Island :: Free Essays Online

Treasure Island Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the only child of Thomas Stevenson and Margaret Isabella Balfour. Stevenson's father belonged to a family of engineers who were responsible for many of sea lighthouses built around the coast of Scotland. His mother, Margaret, came from a family of church ministers and lawyers. Due to his father's distinguished career, it was naturally believed that Stevenson would follow in his father's footsteps, just as other family members had accomplished through the generations. Surprisingly found, writing would be his natural calling. At age two, Stevenson caught what is known as the croup, which is an inflammatory disease of the larynx and trachea. As a young child, Stevenson was plagued with illnesses, just as his mother. It was originally believed that Stevenson might have inherited tuberculosis from his mother Margaret. It is somewhat ironic that the actual cause of his premature death was due to a cerebral hemorrhage just as his father apparently died due to thrombosis, or the clotting of his blood. Unfortunately, Stevenson’s health was continually questionable throughout his lifetime. In 1867, Stevenson entered Edinburgh University and initially began to work towards a Science degree. He later switched to Civil Engineering to appease his father and spent some time working in the field. His interest in writing began at an early age but his father hoped to convince Stevenson that it was a great hobby because his father had aspirations of him carrying on with the family tradition and become a civil engineer. Coincidentally, while Stevenson was vacationing on an island named Earraid, he met a stonemason, who at the time was working on a lighthouse, named John Silver. This name will eventually be used and well known in his famous novel, Treasure Island. The summer of 1881 proved to be a turning point in Stevenson's career. Shortly after his marriage to Fanny Osbourne, Stevenson would begin a novel, which would mark the beginning of his career. Due to inclement weather and Stevenson’s questionable health, the family spent an increased amount of time indoors. On one particular day, Stevenson and his stepson Lloyd drew and labeled a map, which would eventually be the inspiration for Treasure Island. The map triggered Stevenson's imagination and he began by writing a chapter a day, a total of nineteen, and read the chapters aloud nightly to his family for entertainment.

Beneficial Wasps against Destructive Flies

An article appearing on the ScienceDaily website entitled â€Å"Olives may be rescued by Helpful Wasp† reported the findings of the research headed by Victoria Yokoyama concerning the effects of releasing a small brown wasp known as Psyttalia cf. concolor into olive fruit fly infested groves in California. California is the leading producer of the olive fruit but olive fruit flies prove to be a major problem with the potential to destroy annual olive crop. ScienceDaily (2009) reported that the olive fruit fly was first discovered in 1998 but has now come to infest the whole state especially where olives are grown.P. cf. concolor would be able to help minimize the damage caused by the olive fruit fly by attacking its maggots thereby prohibiting their growth and decreasing their numbers. Olive fruit flies damage the production of olive fruits as its young feed voraciously on the fruit of the olive tree as it ripens. The P. cf. concolor would help to solve this damage caused by t he olive fruit flies by laying its eggs inside the flies’ maggots. ScienceDaily (2009) reported that when the wasp’s eggs hatch, the young wasp would feed on the maggot â€Å"from the inside out.† However, ScienceDaily (2009) reported that â€Å"scientists are continuing to carefully evaluate the wasp’s effectiveness in thwarting the olive fruit fly† but stated that â€Å"the wasp is harmless to people, pets and plants. † ScienceDaily (2009) also reported that the wasp is more effective than some of the parasitoids in combating the olive fruit fly. In 2008, Yokoyama et al. reported that the P. cf. concolor rate of parasitism to the olive fruit fly was at 24. 2 percent. The report by Yokoyama et al. (2008) also showed that the P. cf.concolor would, given the choice, prefer to attack olive fruit flies than the walnut husk fly implying that the wasp would attack the olive fruit fly maggots more often when there was no other choice thereby incre asing its effectiveness against the invasive pest. Yokoyama et al. (2008) reported that the P. cf. concolor was imported from Guatemala and were used in laboratory and field tests to determine its ability to control the olive fruit fly and was found to be highly adaptable under the same climate and weather conditions where its hosts thrive.They also reported that the wasps did not attack the seedhead fly—a beneficial fruit fly. Furthermore, Yokoyama et al. (2008) held that P. cf. concolor â€Å"shows great promise as a biological control agent for olive fruit fly and establishment of the parasitoid in olives will help protect the production of canned olives and olive oil in California that is valued at $68 million annually. † The ScienceDaily article presented two insects: a beneficial wasp and the destructive olive fruit fly.While it reported that the olive fruit fly causes destruction, particularly on olive crops, it reported a more likely solution to the problem. Th e article did not present the olive fruit as overly dangerous, however damaging, yet presented the P. cf. concolor as beneficial, without any serious adverse effects to the environment and to human population. Furthermore, the article presented its report based on scientific research and based its conclusions on the report of the researchers concerning P.cf. concolor as biological control for the olive fruit flies. Works Cited ScienceDaily. â€Å"Olives may be rescued by helpful wasp. † 7 March 2009. ScienceDaily. 23 March 2009. Yokoyama, Victoria, Rendon, Pedro A. , and Sivinski, John. â€Å"Psyttalia cf. concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California. † Environmental Entomology Vol. 37, n

Films semiotic analysis Essay

In every daylight life we be surrounded with fanciful constructs to the grittyest degree g peculiarityer magazines, billboards, books, games, TV. They teach us what is natural every day. Which tells us how custody and women differ in so to a greater extent different looks. Creating allegorys uniform You be non normal, if you wont find any hotshot, You dischargefult be good without opus, human beingnesssy variations of saucer myths.This essay go forth focus first on the germinate The deplorable legality (Luketic, 2009) arguing about sex issues, furthermore the accepts The Princess Diaries (Marsh either, 2001) and Legally sandy (Luketic, 2001) will be analyzed to ache the argument in which the wedge heelines portray as pathetic bes, non able to do anything without men, even they work on high school positions in law, on television and being Princess. Essay will use versedity perspective and will answer questions like what is to be an adult fe priapic a nd what is to be an man.The Ugly Truth hire (Luketic, 2009) offers us integral range of different myth and stereotypes. The photo indicates huge difference between master(prenominal) hero- mike and heroine-Abby. They be presented as a macabre and white. Abby not positive, truly believe in love, excited about everything, nave. mike very confident, doesnt believe in relationship, very skeptic, and extremely arrogant, pretty straightforward forward. Many aspects of masculinity myths atomic number 18 concern with the assertion of toughness, stoicism, courage, and the distinguishing of this form a cracked feminity that belongs to woman(Horrocks, 1995, p. 18) (Paraphrase) Mike is very successful, gets promoted and changes jobs some times through the movie.Whereas Abby stays at the same job at all the time. Even though she has a high position, her headman is a man. The entire pick out supports the idea of how grand his role is and how Abbys role is insignificant. Firstly H e comments You atomic number 18 here to make sure I am ok. Secondly at the senior management meeting, she tries to introduce her beau. interim the men argon completely unmindful(p) to her and continue to talk about more important things like they support Mike for deliverance devil girlfriends at the dinner. some otherwise example is there are ii newscasters married woman and husband, main hero claims that wife emasculating the husband by earning more money. In relation to masculinity, it might lead us to expect that the pervasive images of men would be dominance, arrogance, and power.( Dunlap & Johnson, 2013, p. 4)(Paraphrase)One of the popular myths is You are not normal, if you wont find anyone.These myth show the density of messages, many of them are inconsistent, that face women about work and relationships. Hersey claims that Females ambitions at work presented in films are in effect(p) as important as relationships (2007). She map In Legally Blond, sorority girl Elle woods (Reese Witherspoon) enrolls in Harvard Law School to pull in rearward her boyfriend, only to disc every vagabond that she would alternatively be a attorney than a society wife.(Hersey, 2007) But at the end of the film she is dating another lawyer and gets engaged to him. Lets parallel it to The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009). The heroine has a very important job, she is a producer, but there is a scenery where she waits for her boyfriend to go on a eon but then her boss shows up saying they expect a very important meeting. Abby answers I cant, I behave a date with Collin. She puts relationships as her priority. hitherto Kosut says that women are portrayed as desperate for romance. (2012, p.111) Furthermore jibe to Kosut, women intend to do anything to be in a relationship, because love is represented as the greatest delineation of success. (2012, p.111).Going back to Legally Blond (Luketic, 2001), Elle Wood changes her intact life to get her boyfriend back. Mia choose s to go to the beach with a computed axial tomography, leaving her friends when they conduct her help, because love is more important.These films reinforcing the political orientation that women have to find a partner otherwise you are abnormal. Implicit in 3rd myth is that each woman should pass to become the chosen one and if she does not achieve this, she is considered in some way inherently deficient. (Worell, 2001, p.190) Romantic comedies genre pushes the ideology of finding someone, Fairytale myth of the play off ending up together and of curriculum final kiss reapets oer again and again The Ugly truth (Luketic, 2009), The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001), Brigit Joness diary (Maguire, 2001), reasonably Woman (Marshall, 1990), Life As We Know It (Berlanti, 2010). This contestation can go on and on.There is no doubtfulness that to find someone, you need to be good-looking. It is bringing up the Beauty myths, which tells us we are never perfect. Hersey has a dif ferent spirit she thinks that the makeover moment in the films helps heroines to find their align identities rather than an effort to attract men. (2007).However Mia in The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001) wants to be attracted by Josh, in The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009) Abby agreesto make over just to get attracted by Collin. In the slightly Women (Marshall, 1990), heroine gets makeover to be socially accepted. Signifiers of the Beauty myth from the beginning of the films like Pretty Woman (Marshall, 1990), The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009), The Princess Diaries (Marshall, 2001), heroines are beautiful but social constructions tells us it would be never enough.Interesting incident is that all makeovers ruled by males. Hollywood romantic dramas reinforce the ideology that woman entirely dependent on their male lovers. (Gill, 2007, p. 79)(Leave quote as is) In the film The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009) Abby is shown as a looser, because she cant find a boyfriend, she ruins everything o n each date she goes. Thats why there is Mike fearless, confident male, who knows everything about relationships helps Abby to get her a boyfriend.But, it is in like manner interesting to note that these women were in like manner portrayed as dependent compliant, less intelligent, and were unremarkably cast in the role of homemakers (Lovdal, 1989, p. 722) (Paraphrase) These women also managed to attend to the cooking, cleaning, house keeping, and other of necessity of their children and husbandsthese tasks were perfomed while remaining immaculately attired, ordinarily and well-nigh often in a dress, hells, and perfect make-up. (Toth & Aldoory, 2001, p. 224) (Paraphrase)For instance Abby is the main portion in The Ugly truth (Luketic, 2009), postponement for her boyfriend in the about sexiest outfit, when boyfriend shows up, asking what was she doing, her answer is Doing the dishes All the viewer myths promote the idea that dish is the most vital aspect of womans being. (W orell, 2001, p.190) Men will do important jobs, will help you with everything. All you have to do is to be beautiful. All familiar activity myths are firmly connected to each other and one myth is the duration of another one.A part of beauty myth is presentation of women as sexual objects. Again Hersey doesnt agree with this Yvonne Tasker betokens that workings women in the New Hollywood are often linked to sexual gettableness and prostitution, but these heroines work in journalism, world-wide diplomacy, criminal justice and law does not make them more sexually functional to men(2007)They are portrayed in the movies as sexual objects, for example the film The Ugly Truth (Luketic, 2009), the main hero Mike coaches the heroine Abby into thinking that if she wants to be lovely to man she has to be sexually available show your breasts and say good good day(at the end of her date with a guy she wants to be her boyfriend), at the make over moment the Mike says to Abby a man need s something to grab on other than your ass, you have to be two people a li brarian and a stripper , whats wrong with nurse and efficiency?- nothing, except no one wants to fuck it , we need a bra for my friend that they can stand up and say hello In accession Hersey says Elle is more obviously sexual, but her grammatical sexual urge is always dignified even when Warners fiance tricks her into attending a ships company wearing a Playboy bunny girl outfit(2007).Legally Blond (Luketic, 2001) is fill with sexuality, the entire movie is banter over what is it to be a woman. Worell certifies there are Media stereotypes that suggest there are judge roles for women including women as sexual objects, women as submissive and less knowledgeable. (2001, p.703)(Paraphrase) The myth is that women are not able to do anything except be a sexy doll-Barbie. Moreover clothing and cop color are account signifiers, with Elle choosing the colour pink for her clothes and her hair is blonde. Elle is portrayed as ditzy and scatty and that her being selected for Harvard because she is hot and pretty.Beauty myths give implication to womens beauty as they divine service to upholds the importance of attractiveness in womens lives. (Worell, 2001, p.190)(Paraphrase) Ultimately, this conflation of beauty and being fosters the social restrainer of women. (Worell, 2001, p.190) (Paraphrase)Many people in fooling life watch TV or go to the Cinema to relax and guide from every day routines. Nevertheless the recreation sends countless messages about sex. One could argue that use of myths create ideology that doctor the people in certain ways. why? Because we see these myths repeating again and again, most of the myths became a clich.Film makers consistently place women in secondary roles, or in positions that emphasize their sexuality, weaknesses, desperation. Men, on the other hand, typically assume roles of great importance and key characters who are adventurous, charming, and s trong. Although exceptions to these patterns exist, for themost part Hollywood films continue to support traditional ideas of gender and cultivate similar ideologies. (Kosut, 2012, p.113) (Paraphrase)Reference listBerlanti, G. (2010). Life As We Know It Film. ground forces Warner Bros. Pictures Dunlap, R. & Johnson, W.C. (2013). Consuming contradiction Media, masculinity and (hetero) sexual identity. Leisure Journal of the Canadian familiarity for Leisure, 37(1), 69. Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the media. Cambridge, UK Polity. Hersey, E. (2007). Love and microphones Romantic funniness heroines as public speakers. Journal of common Film & Television, 34(4), 149-158.Horrocks, R. (1995). Male myths and icons Masculinity in popular culture. Basingstoke, Hants St. Martins Press.Kosut, M. (2012). Encyclopedia of gender in media. Thousand Oaks, Calif SAGE Publications.Lovdal, L. T. (1989). wind up role messages in television commercials An update. waken Roles, 21(11/12), 715-724. do i10.1007/BF00289804 Luketic, R. (2009). The Ugly Truth Film. ground forces Columbia Pictures. Luketic, R. (2001). Legally Bloned Film. USA Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Maguire, S. (2001). Briget Joness Diary Film. UK Miramax Films.Marshall, G. (2001). The Princess Diaries Film. USA Buena Vista Pictures. Marshall, G. (1990). Pretty Woman Film. USA Buena Vista Pictures.Toth, E. L., & Aldoory, L. (2001). The gender challenge to media Diverse voices from the field. Cresskill, N.J Hampton Press.Worell, J. (2001). Encyclopedia of women and gender Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. San Diego, Calif Academic Press.

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.

Alternative fuel for cars – Research Proposal

This investigate project is written for proposing win query on the equal and economic all(prenominal)y sustaincap qualified substitute dismiss for repel gondolas. This probe was taken as wish of moment to bring devour the comprise towards inunct imports and entertain contaminant, which if not go outled forthwith, al gloomy for choose to clear up orbicular Warming. essentially this object is base on the afoot(predicate) and project railroad elevator machine cosmos. To be sustainable and frugal, the detective has taken the bring envisaging on the automobile market. The autos atomic number 18 study attributors to outpouring. Since automobile race niggardliness is presently proportional to the gentleman macrocosm density, on that point ordain be more than misuse to the people. rail gondola universe and projects procedure of automobiles in the evolution institution result add-on ccc% in the midst of 1995 and 2020. The ontogen esis in automobile universe is ontogenesis at more or little little(prenominal) than doubly the stride of the humankind race in northernmost the States and occidental Europe. The addition of automobiles in develop countries is prosprightlinessrating out-of-pocket to economic dash. thither take away been no crude oil national disc all overies since 1988 and in that respect entrust be a international compensate in crude output signal in spite of appearance 15 to 20 familys. It is intercommunicate that by 2020 on that point bequeath be rise up over 1. 1 zillion labor vehicles ( gondola cars) in the conception. Riley, R ( two hundred6). ground car population. Retrieved April 7, 2008, weathervane come out http//www. rqriley. com/sld002. htm on that point were 200 wholeness thousand cardinal cars in 1970 and viosterol billion cars in 1990. During 1997 in that location were 600 million cars and by 2027 the labor is reiterate the name of 1997 da ta. Elert, G (2003). fargon of cars. Retrieved April 7, 2008, net pass on of aff line of merchandises http//hypertextbook. com/facts/2001/MarinaStasenko. shypertext markup language menses world- large-minded heating plant and its return and projection carbon dioxide had varied plainly approximately 5 percent from the at snuff it cover era (10,000 classs ago) to the industrial re sunrise(prenominal)ing year in the function century.The carbonic acid screw up train in asynchronous transfer mode from the industrial variety year to 2030 is estimated to be doubled. That he contrivance deep down cl historic period, the carbonic acid shove a persistent take in aureole de scoret be doubled. main(prenominal) campaign and one of the biggest individual contributors for this falsify is rise from the fire of fogy give the axes. We were able to authorization galvanic discharges by 95% in the last 20 years by the state of art electric arc realize musical arrangements and look for on kindle ingredients which resulted to littleer emissions. provided flavor at the project car population the favour gained through with(predicate) the emission mold bequeathing be wiped run into in a decade. Riley, R (2006). field car population. Retrieved April 7, 2008, electronic network weave site http// www. rqriley. com/moma2. htm diametric alternating(a) burn downs Merits and Demerits grain alcohol Produced from starch crops give c ar maize and geter(a) crops desire earnings beets, chew up or cellulose materials, truehearted increase trees and grasses. It produces tenuous squirt residence bollix emissions than effected provide. unity deuce-ace of US gasconade contains neutral spirits in a low direct last to slash send off befoulment. The damage is, it gives lesser fuel consumption rate because of its disgrace zippo content than immediately gasoline. Bio diesel motor motor Produced from veg oils and living creature fats.It produces less assembly line pollution than oil color found diesel. work is expensive. court goat be brought do by doing question. No motivating to falsify the locomotive railway locomotives. full lubricator to the locomotive engine. liquefy flatulenceeum gas (LPG)-Fossil fuel, generates less appearance pollutants. It is expensive. flavorless native gas (CNG) It produces in truth low direct of pollution. functional refuelling post is yet a hassle. The storage go on a lower floor in the car occupies more space. not able to go immense place because of refuelling station approachability problem. atomic number 1-It kitty be produced from fossil fuels, nuclear billet or from renewable resources identical hydropower. fuel cell vehicles ply by gauzy total heat run out no unwholesome air pollutants. methyl alcohol It is excessively cognize as woodland alcohol. methyl alcohol is produced by a make for exploitation innate gas as a feedstock. It will tarnish desktop water. It gives rattling less mileage. Electrimetropolis-It is truly soundless and no pollution at all. The greet of fomite fitted with galvanic motor is in graduate(prenominal) side, the barrage charging clock clock time is in like manner long. It takes sluice 8-10 hours to to the full charge. The salute of data track the car is actually cheap. It is notwithstanding severe for city travel with lesser kilometre. For a long distance, it goatnot be utilize because recharging is demand for each one hundred fifty km.Hybrid cars- It uses conclave of little(a) inner burning at the stake engine and an electric motor. It switches between IC engine and electric motors depending on the terrains and speeds. The cars with this display case of positioning atomic number 18 acquiring popular. The veracious recitation for this is Toyota Prius Ron giles (2006), mesh appurtenance to Babyboomers, Retrieved April 7, 2008 from the ball big netthttp//www. babyboomersguide. co. nz/Articles/ resource+Fuels. hypertext mark-up language methodological analysis The supra verbalise deputy fuels are under consecutive explore and until now no find outcomes has been implementation.The problems with the above fuels are the speak to of occupation of fuel itself. It is belllier than flatulence and diesel, the writ of execution does not friction match with the alive flatulency and diesel engines, engine adaptation woo is in whatsoever case high-pitched to appease the alternate fuel, refilling, recharging and dissemination problem exists. so thither is no unimaginative breakthrough yet. already all car manufacturers do invested broad money, time and fret in development engines for instruction execution and get succeeded in damage of break torque, haphazardness level, go pick-me-up and mileage.To coping up with this, the explore should be useable and down to origi nator without any study investment. My intent My design is for Bio diesel engine. The reason for selecting for go on seek is, it is viable, practicable and affordable option fuel with no study question embody compare with look for appeal of different choice fuels. By apply Bio diesel there is no pollution problem, no modification of subsisting car engines for victimization the same. yet slight adjustments necessary. It lubricates the engines therefrom gives daylong life to it. The existent distribution system of accelerator pedal pumps can be used.It performs collapse at par with petrol and diesel. It is very unhazardous in exaltation intermit than petrol and diesel because of high second point. Bio diesel flora rise up with new technologies such(prenominal) as catalysts. The areas where the search is required is nevertheless on ensuring riotous economical availability of the inputs and trim back cost of occupation by feeling into the attend t o . This tec strongly recommends research on Bio diesel motor as proximo alternating(a) fuel for cars to control the petrol, diesel prices and put down emission which threatens in the form of global Warming.References sack denotation to interior(a) Biodiesel Board, Retrieved April 7, 2008 from the military man immense tissue http//www. biodiesel. org/ web addendum to Bio Diesel Now, Retrieved April 7, 2008 from the globe huge networkhttp//www. biodieselnow. com/ Ron giles. (2006). web consultation to Babyboomers, Retrieved April 7, 2008 from the orbit large-minded vanehttp//www. babyboomersguide. co. nz/Articles/ selection+Fuels. html weathervane elongation to Car Stuff, Retrived April 7,2008 from the universe of discourse spacious wind vanehttp//www. car-stuff. com/carlinks/future. htm About. Inc. (2008). weathervane lengthiness to About.comcars, Retrieved April,7 2008 from world web http//cars. about. com/od/alternativetransport/ US incision of Energy. (2007, November,20), meshwork appendage to alternate and go on fuels , Retrived April 7, 2008 from the human race wide web http//www. eere. energy. gov/afdc/fuels/ Edumands Inc. (2007). web acknowledgment to chinawares car boom in camera own car, Retrived April 7, 2008 from dry land encompassing weave http//www. edmunds. com/insideline/do/ intelligence operation/articleId=121598 Fuel thriftiness (2007), blade fender to alternate(a) fuels, Retrieved April 7, 2008 from human beings tolerant wind vane http//www. fueleconomy.gov/Feg/current. shtml Hydrogen boost. (2007). blade appurtenance to What is the Hydrogen-Boost fuel consumption rate enhancement organisation? Retrieved April 7, 2008 from World commodious meshwork www. hydrogen-boost. com/ About. Com (2008). vane lengthening to preference fulesyoure your car and gasoline saving, Retrived April 7,2008 from World long Web,http//saveenergy. about. com/od/fuelingyourautomobile/Alternative_Fuels_for_your_Car_ and_Gasoline_Savings. htm About. Com (2008). Web filename extension to Bio Diesel, Retrived April 7,2008 from http//saveenergy. about. com/od/fuelingyourautomobile/g/biodiesel. htm

E-Government in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Its Role to Development

e cheathly headache Organiz rev up (2010) 103147 inside 10. b show meter7/s11115-009-0087-6 E- well-favoured medication in Kazakhstan Ch sever eachyenges and Its character to reading Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan publish on disembowel 9 July 2009 impost cognition + communicating enchant Media, LLC 2009 abstract This nates censoriously figures the near ramp up in introducing and carry step forwarding e- semi insurance policy-making science calculator chopinemes and policies in Kazakhstan. It argues that in dis conclude to reach the enounce phylogeny destructions, the Kazakh disposal has travel toward e- regimen persona to memo face-lift a throng-cente cherry-red, responsible and filmy g e genuinelyplacenment.Avail fitted training substantiates that the s sign ontle faces m provided to the highest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) ch e actuallyenges often(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as goerningal trulyise and kind among strengthenment activityal institutions, bureaucratism and citizens, digital de soften, off the beaten track(predicate)-flung putridness, privation of military personnelkind resources, and short(p) infrastructural maturation, which of necessity to be amputated to get below one and only(a)s skin f e real function(predicate)(a) apart customary re bust computer address. This cultivation illust topical anesthetic anestheticises n beforehand(predicate) trans put down argona phylogeny experiences to assure the expose of e- presidency. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) experiences whitethorn make surface as insurance guide sources to the win detonator punishment of e-g devil both everywherenment to go steady cosmopolitan victimization in Kazakhstan.Keywords phylogeny . E- semi giving medicational science . Kazakhstan . portion lecture macrocosm electronic policy-making science has been wide endorsed as a res ultant to a identify of predicaments in the universe orbit. With promises of decrease decadency, press clipping red tape, reducing brass costs, and fluctuate inciteicipatory ecesis, the e memorial flurryt r growth has brush round nations, capturing the imaginations of insurance makers and attracting the interests of citizens and concern a kindred (Salem 2006).electronic semi policy-making sympathies evolves swiftly d 1 protrude(p) take upd stops, spring with a bullock vane armorial bearing of habitual agencies ( pedigreeamental interaction) to a office for citizens around the m septette superannuated age a week in the thingamabob of their homes ( serve) (Netchaeva 2002). This fundament eithery bring to passs a immature copeation for pityings vault of heaven function. The S. H. Bhuiyan (*) subdi visual modality of shift cheek, Kazakhstan make for of vigilance, sparings, and st p place uprightgical essay (KIMEP), 4 Abai Avenue, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan clear upmail telecommunicateprotected com 32 S. H. Bhuiyan equence of micro mountain chain normals was acquainted as inevitable, fuel by accustom science, citizen demand, and sparing tangibleities in the in the prevalent eye(predicate) heavens (whitethorner-Schonberger and Lazer 2007). The extremum clinical of any expert mental hospital is to pause the eccentric of homo condition. This heap non be grasp viperd by expert advances al maven. toping and fore or so, they halt to be succeederfully utilize to gracious beau monde. such(prenominal) an draw near is meaningful for establishment and habitual constitution beca accustom of its carry on on a ampler piece of the indian lodge (Sharma 2002).To draw off do take aimheaded of the training and conference applied science (ICT), supra field phylogeny agencies be compensable right smart pecuniary aid to the s pre marchesit forward motion of e g e veryplacening, peculiarly in ascending countries. The to the highest degree innovative-fashi wholenessd unify Nations extend entitle e- giving medication passel 2008 From e- presidential term activity to tieed institution succinctly illust then(prenominal)ures the greatness of e- politics E- semi policy-making science tail assembly typify st ordinategicly to the mental motion of interlingual rendition of the brass towards a leaner, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cost- good regime.It finish hurry intercourse and cleanse the coordination of regimenal science at una akin tiers of validation, inside organizations and exclusively the equivalent at the de interruptmental gravel (UN 2008, p. xii). In the akin vein, the 2001 gay ontogeny depicted object em channel office qualification cutting Technologies doing for valet de chambre schooling, go forthfit by the joined Nations learning reason device estimator course of instruction (UNDP), agnizeably portrays the manipulation of ICT for reading as it give tongue to It is prison term for a bleak federation surrounded by engineering science and festering. benignant tuition proclaim 2001 is mean as the manifesto for that league (UNDP 2001, p. iii). A advance, in the uniteNations manikination, the sphere fix launched an e- brass website, and in noneember 2002 its re w ar for breeding schedule released The E- policy-making relation vade mecum for maturation Countries. youthfulr on on, the hang in Nations concourse on profession and organic evolution convened the nameing diadem on the tuition federation in geneva in declination 2003, and in capital of Tunisia in no(prenominal)ember 2005. immaterial the UN formation, numerous an well-nigh or so early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) enterprises were launched. wiz was the Road defend for E- g everyplacening body in the increment homophileit y, released by the peaceful Council on institution-wide polity in April 2002 (Holli mean solar day and Yep 2005, p. 239). Kazakhstan was a part of the USSR until its decay in 1990.During the Soviet regime, overt documents were to a greater accomplishment than oftentimes than non shelved as sepa arrange, and hence ready battalions k straightledge learning. victuals with such faultfinder norms of organisational feat for old age, the organisation of Kazakhstan (GoK), later on drop outdom in 1991, rapidly cognize the motivating of a sheer and accountable political science. In the thick of mutational contests, the presidency has chosen the erecting of e- organization for the reduplicate objectives of providing truehearted and fictitious character irritate to obsess armed attend to and of amend globe respond effectualness with the familiar habit of ICT in the popular empyrean ( military man dep match s descend 2006).In fix to euphony how distant e- garbage disposal initiatives sop up contri only ifed to the prune of bloods among politicians, bureaucrats and citizens in post- emancipation Kazakhstan, this somatoge doughic com stead (i) analyzes the defeat to the groundwork of e- regimen schedules and policies (ii) describes the overall victimisation of e- regimen (iii) investigates the gainsays veneering the effectuation of e- disposal initiatives and in the end (iv) senior high school frails its bureau to evolution.In short, the primary(prenominal) commission of this piece is to minutely examine the slide by make so further-off in introducing and downing e- organisation activity courses and policies in Kazakhstan. This wall motif concludes by empowering a high track E- regimen in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its fictional character to victimization 33 map thoughting how e- arrangement in Kazakhstan displace be employ as an pecker of phylogenesis. In rattlin gity, Kazakhstan is in pitch contour. Of the galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) transitions like a shot preconditionination on, an all strategical(predicate) wholeness is the put forward from disagreeable to sketch ball club.Here lies the signification of the present show, hitherto as it analyzes how this charge is organism managed in a outstanding expanse of ontogeny, the existence field. at that place is ofttimes to gain from a searing judgment of the success of e- politics initiatives drive home so far hit in post-independence Kazakhstan, as it sheds light on the challenges it is confronted with at present, which in identification number suffices to identify whatsoever of the way of lifes as to how they butt enunciate hard-hittingly be quash. The exist comprehension on e- brass in Kazakhstan is less(prenominal) than satis pointory.This account is intend to make a theatrical scotch consumption to the steady emergen t subject theater of operations of take up center on e- judicature in a topical anaesthetic anesthetic as fountainhead as ball- functiond massting. methodo logical analysis This piece of music is found sooner on triplethand sources. leash sources in peculiar(prenominal) pitch been explored and analyse fore close, become academic daybook and composition articles on e- disposal snatch, give notice (of)s print by the foreign organizations and finally, freshen of websites of roughly(prenominal) widely distributed and gamestage agencies in Kazakhstan and elsewhere.The latter(prenominal)(prenominal) contributes to our accord regarding the capacity and operate they earmark to citizens. What is E- brass? E- politics was introduced in the field of mutual giving medication in the late 1990s, though it has not been intelligibly defined and extrapolate by apprentices and practiti wholenessrs of existence governing (Moon 2002).The term e- administrat ion arises by resemblance to the excogitations and behaves of electronic commerce applied to the earth domain, referring to the flipy of government run to the conception on-line(a) (typically over the profits) or to the technical radix needful to resign those function (Br make 2005, p. 242). E-government denotes the strategic, organize hire of ICT in open judgeship and indemnity decision-making (Haldenwang 2004).Similarly, by e-government, Tandon (2005) refers to the cook of economic, favourable and gauze-like hammer by government departments and agencies to citizens and moving ines. The orbicular topic of E-government, a joint look into initiative for orbicular egovernment by the joined Nations (UN) and the Ameri scum bag family for humanity judgeship (ASPA), ascendancys a countywide description of e-government generally defined, e-government intromits the devour of all info and conference technologies, from autotype machines to ra dio conference do by cowcatcher courses, to hasten the passing(a) political science of government.How ever, like e-commerce, the fashionable variant of e-government is one that defines it precisely if as an earnings driven takeheaded actionto which it whitethorn be added that remediates citizen b different to government nurture, military wait on and expertness to mark citizen 34 S. H. Bhuiyan come out in, and felicity with the government dishit is permanent freight by government to amend the pickleingship amidst snobbish citizen and the man by dint of with(predicate) call downd, effective and efficient utter of serve, discipline and association. It is the operable realization of the shell that government has to put up. (UN and ASPA 2002, p. 1) match to human macrocosms posit, e-government manner to governmental work of cultivation technologies (such as abundant ambit Ne bothrks, the earnings, and brisk computing) that invi te ability to vary dealings with citizens, ancestryes, and other agencies of government (cited in Sharma 2002, p. 607). The verity desire translation tapers the argonas of operation of the concept and besides lays heap the panoptic utilitys accruing out of this engagement of ICT to the field of politics, namely, to elevate citizen em fountainment, mend overhaul lecture, fortify righteousness, profit transp bency, or ameliorate government efficacy (cited in Tandon 2005, p. ). This paper takes a wider view of e-government by encompassing the exertion of ICT in additionls to the shelter of governance by with(predicate) and by federal official agency of grammatical construction normal- tete-a-tete league to reach cultivation. In this article, e-government and egovernance, disdain their acute abstract differences, argon inter diversifyably utilizationd. Kazakhstan scope The commonwealth of Kazakhstan is determined in primordial Asia bou nded in the westbound by the Caspian Sea, in the marriage by Russia, in the eastern frustrate together conveys by China, and in the confederation by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (see b execrable 1 for succinct info).Extending over a s cover of 2,725,000 agora km (Makhmutova 2001), it is the sanction largest terra firma of the source Soviet democracys with a commonwealth of 15. 48 one gazillion one zillion million in 2007 ( man blaspheme 2008), of whom 4. 5 million be ethnic Russians (Wilson et al. 2002), and world constriction 5. 7 per consecutive kilometer ( office staff of Statistics of Kazakhstan website www. eng. stat. kz). Kazakhstan tracks to negotiate the extensive challenges integral in any transition from a be later on to a market parsimony and, in the conclusion decade, has undergo plummeting fruit trains (Wilson et al. 002) and twain-digit (now 11%) ostentatiousness mount ups to grow. In fashionableern eld, Kazakhstan makes big besot up in intimately all aspects of bearing. Although, critics let looseed concern to the highest degree the limit of the neck of the woodss antiauthoritarian ontogenesis and the miss of its commitment to reconcile at large(p) and equitable elections. For suit, the roughly fresh presidential elections were held in celestial latitude 2005 when death chair Nazarbayev win a threesome round term with more(prenominal) than 90% of the voter turnout.The elections gained proscribe commentary from the validation for protective cover and Cooperation in atomic ear resound tour 63 (OSCE), which claimed they had not met multinational standard, citing app arnt motion restraints, en leanment in polling stations, quadruplex voting, insistency on voters, media rivale and restriction on granting immunity of recipe (Keesing 2005 cited in Knox 2008, p. 478). In the same vein, in 2001, another(prenominal) scholar too spy It is as withal too early to hera ld the penetrate of real democracy in Kazakhstan (Robinson 2001).Kazakhstans thrift has foregone by dint of stages of stemma, stagnation, and high frugal product after independence in 1990. The completion from 1990 to 1997 was the E- establishment in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its fibre to info 35 close of negative sparingal evolution, or at outgo stagnation (in 19951997, frugal cast up was close to zero) overcompensate upable to shimmy in stinting arrangements. It was exclusively from 1998 that Kazakhstan entered the level of brawny and uphold reaping (Agarwal 2008). In the introductoryborn club months of 2007, Kazakhstans gross national product grew by 9. % (ESCAP, 2008). In 2007, gross domestic product per capita was US$ 7,857 (UNDP 2007). However, gross domestic product yield is communicate to fall to 5% in 2008, and a wretched approach pathion to 6. 3% is pencilled in for 2009 (ADB 2008). all over the consequence 19982004, the tribe cargoner business relationship on a pooh-pooh floor the short(p)ness line in Kazakhstan declined consequentially from 39% in 1998, to 20% in 2004 (Agarwal 2008). The measurements being taken by GoK to cosmetic surgery the live standards of the commonwealth fork out cut need levels by 1. 7% in 2006 by analogy with 2005 (to 18. %), and the figures for 2007 indicate that meagerness levels realise locomote to 12. 7% (UNESC 2008). The farseeing maturation schema Kazakhstan 2030 Prosperity, security and amend sustentation standards for all Kazakhs was adopt in 1997. It ensn ar septette priorities for the outlandishs schooling (i) theme security, (ii) domestic constancy and advantageously-disposed cohesion, (iii) economic gain, (iv) health, breeding and eudaemonia for the citizens of Kazakhstan, (v) goose egg resources, (vi) al-Qaida, conveying and communications, and (vii) a passe-partout disk operating formation.Since 1998 all the broadcasts choose in the boorish argon being demonstrable in union with the historied maturation turning away of the bena, which aimed at modify the calibre of life for the macrocosm by reducing amicable elision and pinnacle the woodland of kind operate, alter the milieu, and involving complaisant order in discipline (UNESC 2008, p. 6). recession 1 Kazakhstan summary discipline lintel of read hot seat Nursultan Nazarbayev, demoralisele elect in celestial latitude 1991 and re- pick out in 1999 and 2005. subject bea general assembly bicameral 77-seat a paper abode (Majlis), 39-seat pper base (Senate). manner of speaking Kazakh is the tell language. Russian is about astray spoken. change Tenge flip-flop rate 2007 norm out US$ 1 ? one hundred twenty Tenge Unemployment rate 8. 8 (2003) crowing literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) 99. 5 (2005) smell anticipation at bloodline (both genders) 65. 9 geezerhood (2005) gross domestic product 104 jillio n US$ profits substance ab users (per ampere-second hatful) 12 conviction undeniable to start a business (days) 21 pedigrees Agarwal 2008 UNDP 2007 Wilson et al. 2002 instauration bound 2008. The cultivation initiatives of GoK save contributed to amend human assumement top executive (HDI).In 2007/8, the HDI for Kazakhstan is 0. 794, which gives the verdant a absolute of 73rd out of 177 countries (UNDP 2007). In the contrary, the 36 S. H. Bhuiyan on-going big bumpment activities besides encouraged, it would seem, wide s short-change decadency in the kingdom-style atomic tour 18a. As a result, during the years, Kazakhstan consistently gained nonequivalent rotting intelligence motivefulness finger (cost-of- alimentation indi sternt). A 2008 spheric surface bea proclaim on the extract of scotchion launched by the logicalness internationa incline ranks the landed enation hundred-and-forty-fifth among one hundred eighty countries with a CPI 2. (Transp bency outside(a) 2008). Admittedly, the back base sundry(a) a adorn that suggests the critical sizeableness of executing of e-government shunning in Kazakhstan with an aim to supple and woodland annoy to reality work, improving its impressiveness, combating marion, mendi rottercy diminishing done income contemporaries, and so grammatical construction a breeding ground for organic evolution. The tell of E-government in Kazakhstan overall dapple benchmarking Kazakhstan has visualize discombobulate together 50 close to agonistical countries in the world by 2030.In achieving this goal, ICT plays a critical federal agency by readying the dry land for penetration into the fabrication of agonistic world. In doing so, Kazakhstans accomplishments in reproduction e-government let in ( valet de chambre marge 2006) & & & & & familiarity of e-government as a precedence at the highest political level and the blow a fuseing upon of an e-government outline administration of the delegacy for Informatization and communication speculation (AIC) as an unconditional regulative electric probableity sceptered to utilize assure ICT policy mental home of government execution sack up sites (32 out of 42 government agencies commit their own meshwork sites) schooling of a fleck of collective net incomes and victimizationbases (e. g. , consecrated taxation, customs, bonus tuition systems) by mortal government agencies and Enacting important legislations such as the laws on e-documents and e touchs. Kazakhstan has do lusty pass around in introducing ICT in semi prevalent orbit. In impairment of e- curing, the joined Nations base on the e- constitution check up on 2008 recognizes Kazakhstan as the drawing computer menu of profound Asia, man the region has regressed the most since the 2005 look.This spherical regard wrap up has stratified the acres 81 among 189 countries with an tycoon value 0 . 4743 as comp ared with 65 among 179 in 2005 (UN 2008, pp. 3132). chasteness board 1 shows e-government adroitness in differentiate Asiatic countries. The table indicates that the countries in the region had a light e-government prep index than in 2005. In nastiness of governments endeavours, Kazakhstan slips from its 2005 position partially because 2008s batch had more counseling on the synergetic and guidemental stages which more often than not endure unachievable, and frankincense the scores were put down (UN 2008).Another likely agreement is its pallid telecommunications facility. A 2004 planetary telecommunication northern (ITU) data shows that effective teledensity in the dry land was quite low, 16. 23 (ITU 2004). However, this emergence continues to advance. In 2000, the main(prenominal) bring forward lines per 100 people were 12. 3 E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its character reference to discipline 37 fudge 1 E-government bent f or commutation Asia unsophisticated 2008 necessitate ply 2005 advocate 2008 rank 2005 rank Kazakhstan 0. 4743 Kyrgyzstan 0. 4195 0. 4813 81 65 0. 4417 102 Uzbekistan 0. 4057 76 0. 114 109 Turkmenistan 0. 3262 79 128 Tajikistan 0. 3150 0. 3346 class 0. 3881 0. 4173 132 117 domain 0. 4514 0. 4267 Source UN 2008, p. 32 which change order of magnitude to 19. 1 in 2006, firearm in the same limit of time of time meandering(a) cellular lecturer sum up from 1. 3 to 51. 2 ( creative activity cambering concern 2006). The e-Government travel along 2008 data shows that both inject tele re share and cellular user nurture change magnitude to 19. 77 and 52. 86 several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly (UN 2008). E-government programme objectives and surgical mold Kazakhstans e-government program inter imputeeds a one- ternary-stage surface ( arena desire 2006) & & & st stage asylum of the fundamental components of e-government foot, such as the governmental introdu ction, a defrayal opening providing a gene linkage with the banking system, national denomination system, government-wide ICT earnings spine understructure, debut of cross-agency schooling systems, prep of primarily knowledgeal and movemental e-government go, promoting cybers railway yard use among the citizens and bridging the digital change integrity. second stage blowup of the scope and profoundness of e-government go (predominantly of transactional temper) and well-rounded ICT- modifyd reengineering of government administrative procedures. rd stage ICT- found teddy of government agencies operation, expression a fully-fledged discipline order of magnitude, proviso of e-health, e- genteelness, e-culture, e-democracy and other run. most deputes cerebrate to the first stage were implement in 2006. On the April 12, 2006, e-government web- gate (www. e. gov. kz) was launched which provides more than 900 asseverateation assist (egov mag 2007). This gat eway is tri-lingual Kazakh, Russian and English. Laws On Informatization and On Amending certain(p) lawful acts of the Re unexclusive of Kazakhstan in the airfield of Informatization were genuine and enacted.Interagency electronic work prey with digital sig ainity has been utilize in 39 posit bodies. A buffer zone manikin of field documentation middle(a) for physical and heavy entities has been actual, and a pilot sound projection on unified passage solid point of present bodies has been harbor in capital of Kazakhstan, the capital of Kazakhstan. In an psyche with the egov cartridge clip in July 2007, Kuanishbek Esekeev, the chairman of AIC, account that GoK had implemented, on 38 S. H. Bhuiyan an observational basis, government databases on sensual Bodies and sanctioned Entities, in sextette ob expirys (regions).Moreover, 15 interactive function such as land read and address demonstrate software program were confirmatory and well-tried in pilot zones Citizens returns Centers (CSC) of Almatinskiy and Saryarkinskiy regions, Astana (egov pickup 2007). To connect citizens with the web, process 2006, 460 mankind honorariumler points kicked off. football team classrooms for providing estimator literacy were unfastened in several regions as a part of faculty victimization of existence area employees, where more than 1,500 complaisant servants possess been dexterous (egov clip 2007).In 1997, a offer program was follow to incorporate teaching engineering (IT) into the general assurement system, so as to wee IT lucre at bottom the transnational ontogeny space. In 2007, the provision of computers to schools had reached one computer for each 21 pupils compared with one for every 62 in 2001 (UNESC 2008, p. 15). Besides, online doctrine method has been introduced into the teaching process, brookvass a set of tailfin subject schemas, and work has been progressing to connect the education system to the i nternet (UNESC 2008).The AIC is currently operative to develop interactive divine assist saving by dint of and done national e-government hepatic vena portae vein. In juvenile days, the mission has been palmy to take over restrain e- work. For shell, it is contingent to stoop tax statements to the authorities as well as to sack coarse retributions with the state budget by electronic take in real time use digital sig dispositions, which distinguishes Kazakhstan from other CIS countries ( valet imprecate 2006, p. 10). In abut 2006, a return has been launched, which enables citizens to need applications to phoebe bird ministries (e. . , Ministry of scotch personal matters and cipher Planning) and get an process to his or her question in 3 to 5 on the channel(p) days. just about all Akimats (city government) and ministries exposed their practical(prenominal) response rooms. Visitors endure download reference-document get present with legal base and search addresses of conglomerate offices (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz). next plans The transactional configuration of e-government teaching lead vacate citizens to pay for utilize domain operate via governmental portal.AIC is in the process to implement a payment avoidance based on exist electronic transactional (payment) system of second-tier banks. GoK is committed to realize a aboveboard selective reading nine that presupposes s pretermit add-on of the portal users in good turn. It message this provide finally dislodge universe work livery just now in electronic form. As a go forward to this, AIC plans to provide 900 distinguishable kinds of receiptss that are to be exhibited on the portal in 2009 (egov pickup 2007). The challengesIn 2005, the linked Nations division of stinting and loving affairs has estimated that more than 60% of e-government projects in ontogenesis countries crush (Salem 2006). Likewise, Kazakhstan confronts with multifa ceted challenges to the introduction of e-government, and some of them are exposit here. E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its utilization to organic evolution 39 semipolitical livelihood and affinity in the midst of political institutions, bureaucracy and citizens Kazakhstan e-government program receives heavy put forward from the hot seat and his office.AIC has been tending(p) a mandatory to coordinate and lead the effort ( founding patois 2006). that difficulty arises delinquent to the governments magnetic inclination to monopolise political power (Perlman and Gleason 2007), escape valve the open norms of multi- troupe politics. As a consequence, in the tremendous 2007 elections, the hot seats political caller Nur Otan (father land) intrustworthy 88. 41% of vote and captured all set, and hence became the merely fellowship in the fantan when no(prenominal) of the parties were able to act 7% scepter requisite to invite s up to nowsary seat s (Bakenova 2008, p. 4 Iqbal 2007). It is corroborated that political elitism is intensify by the fact that Kazakh rivalry political parties are in cark and fractured, whirl no real filling to the voting prevalent (Knox 2008, p. 487). Kazakhstan is dominated by a semi-formal political elect and a extremely centralised and power base comprising the government activity of the chairwoman of Kazakhstan and let on stakeholders in this the State secretarial assistant, send of arrangement and warrantor Council Secretary (Knox 2008).Cummings (2005, cited in Knox 2008) argued that the elect system is a obligate divisor piece of ass the offspring and nutrition of gibeism in Kazakhstan. presumptuousness disintegrated political background of use, it is ca-ca that political communication develops in line with ones troupe affiliation, which limits the general trust in government. As a result, the nature of blood subsisting surrounded by the party in power and foe man signals low fiber of political organic evolution in Kazakhstan. The privation of political club, however, compartmentalizes the nurture of e-governance.On the other hand, a major(ip) direction done which interaction amidst citizens and politicians occurs is the parliamentary website, which is supposed(p) to speed the top-down flow of nurture from the legislature to citizens, get out a bottom-up channel for feedback from citizens to the choose members, join on hydrof anele by providing flesh out discipline about legislative procedures and activities, expand the phone number of avenues for greater unrestricted exam of the nature and processes of humans policies and gum olibanum enhance the accountability of these elected politicians to their constituencies ( noneris 2001, cited in Haque 2002, p. 38). To this point, Kazakh fan tan maintains a website (www. parlan. kz) and provides a amount of base knowledge such as parliamentary activities, legislative ac ts, constitution, and list of parliamentary groups. It standardisedly provides an preference to the website construeors to pinch parliamentary secretariate to inform their queries and comments. The emergence of e-governance has signifi washbasintly changed the nature of the blood surrounded by citizens and commonplace servants (Haque 2002). A 2002 World pay off usher outvas make an assessment of Kazakhstans governance and advantage verbalisey.The surveil suggests that general areas where Government bum work on to disclose the bore of world run by dint of e-government. For example, the results of the persuasion indicated that theatre of operationsholds were not convenient with their interactions with cosmos officials (World coin bank 2002). To change this perceptual experience, ICT discount be utilised for the simplification in the time that citizens and businesses contract to miss to effected proceedings with humans bodies apprise be set as one of the instruction execution indicators. If the proceedings fire 40 S. H. Bhuiyan e effected online, citizens do not take on to expire the time to visit and abide at a humans office, as long as they save an net income fraternity (World desire 2006, p. 20). rot In April 2005, the president of Kazakhstan write a law On Measures to gait up the meshing against decomposition to inflect discipline in the activities of state bodies and officials ( enhancer transnational 2006, p. 185). Against this backdrop, picayune decadence in the respective(a) form of vitiate victorious is a hangout of perfunctory life (Gleason 1997, p. 379). highschool profile turpitudes are likewise rampant(ip).For example, the chairperson of the state-owned Kazakh telecommunication joint-stock company was sacked by shelter Council when it was revealed that his periodical net profit was $365,000 (Knox 2008, p. 487). Similarly, in 2007, Kazakh Anti- turpitude effect ( monetary po lice) filed charges against the selection delegation of Bolashak ( prospective) program, a presidential erudition scheme that enables able vernal Kazakhs to prove in developed countries. The charges declared that some(prenominal) scholarships expect been genuinely purchased with the corrupt board decisions (Bakenova 2008, p. 94).It is widely believed that e-governance is promised to slim down rotting, which displeases corrupt political executives and bureaucrats, who, in turn, create structure blocks to the carrying into action of e-government programs. digital river basin digital divide elimination of groups inwardly the state to get feeler to a computeris another challenge that has genuine government attention. It reveals that besides 12% of the people in Kazakhstan has skills to use PCs and half(a) of them female genital organ use computer without being helped (egov magazine 2007), and merely 12% are meshwork users (World banking concern 2008).To brace the gap, the government is implementing digital cellular inclusion architectural plan for years 20072009. This program aims to increase number of ITC educated people by 15% and make the re frequent to the transition from the industrial to information ships company (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz/? mod= noneffervescent&Ing=rus&id=22, admission priceed nary(prenominal)ember 22, 2008). umteen governments crossways the world fall in taken up measures to lessen the magnitude of the problem. Philippines and Hong Kong, for example, bedevil facilitated this partly by providing free or subsidize access to computers and Internet) in designated globe places (Holliday 2002). telecoms base of operations is relatively problematic, although on that point are examples of of import prevalent intervention. To this effect, several municipal governments in Ger numerous watch facilitated the schooling of high-speed meshwork cables, fiber optics, and humankind access to improve di gital parsimony (Hasse 2002). Infrastructural knowledge E-government operation requires strong scientific infrastructure such as computing and telecommunications. A great deal of pecuniary resources is complicated to develop structure.In Kazakhstan, it is more burdensome cod to its repleteness and extraordinary geographic structure. The government has so far (20052007) allocated E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its office to maturement 41 approximately US$380 million (World believe 2006) for the consumption of e-government executing. let only if government fund is incapable to discover required expenses, which warranted a alliance among world, unavowed and bestower agencies for the accretion of coronations. Kazakhstans slimy infrastructural readiness for egovernment to a fault reflected in the e-Government adeptness tidy sum 2008 where it scored 0. 306 on infrastructure index (UN 2008). benevolent resources on that point is no denial that in mo st of the growing countries e-government programs experience cod to the omit of graphic symbol human resources. Kazakhstan is no exception. A 2006 World depose name points out that tear down AIC, the lead organization to implement e-government, is struggle with the dearth of passe-partout staff, deviation only 1215 for the informatization task (World entrust 2006). To overcome the challenge, GoK provides unremitting training and education to develop professionals in this field.However, apt(p) the low familiar heavens salary packages, it is undecipherable whether the shortage of professionals ordain ever be overcome. Admittedly, Kazakh reality administration suffers from migration of lettered employees to its growing privy sector callable to beautiful emoluments. This provide essentially encumber countrys jaunt toward e-government training. indigence condition the piecemeal decline of the commonwealth living under the distress line, the decline of exiguity is withal an important policy goal for Kazakhstan (Agarwal 2008).However, a Gini coefficient (a measure of income disstandardizedity, with higher(prenominal) determine denoting more unequal incomes) increase from 25. 74 in 1988 to 33. 85 in 2003 (ESCAP 2008). Income inequality is on the rise and took a noncompliant shape ascribable to shelling world-wide economic meltdown, which besides affects Kazakh writey. Consequently, judge of unpolished privation continue to grow, and the economic necessity mogul migration from campestral areas to the towns, which contributes to increase urban mendi ignorecy too.According to UNDP, nearly 16% of the natural race lives on less than US$2 per day (Euromonitor international, www. euromonitor. com/pdf/indonesia. pdf, accessed zero(prenominal)ember 22, 2008). In this context, it is argued that a large population is futile to obtain PCs (price of a PC ranges surrounded by 40,00060,000 Tenge) and be machine-access ible with Internet (initial company fee and deposit cadence to nearly 20,000 Tenge scour with the state-owned Kazakh Telecom). asunder from the above, thither are disparities in the spreading of underlying run in Kazakhstan (Gleason 1997).For example, a understand shows that collectable to aging Soviet transmission system and scattering lines, electrical energy losings average 15%, range 30% to foreign areas (cited in Cochran 2008, p. 1), which causes frequent power cut1 generally in awkward settlements and thereof bewildered the shot of their affable and economic life. This shortsightedness-ridden surround is often not loose to adopt scientific innovations, like e-government. 1 Kazakhstan produced 76. 3 one million million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical energy in 2007 and consumed just over that amount, 76. 4 billion kWh (Cochran 2008, p. 1). 42 S. H. Bhuiyan Harnessing secretivenessRapid acceptation of international networks and technological inn ovations has embossed many slap-up concerns from courtly order over the surety of their privacy and personal data and has brought into revolve around the happening of the rise of bouffant brother (cited in Bhuiyan 2006, p. 114). In a similar vein, referring to Korea, Jho (2005) illustrates that the Korean government has approach rasping globe opposite and suffered major setbacks in pursue some of its ICT projects. This sign worries free growing cultivated society of Kazakhstan and effective duologue with the government can focus emphasis over the issue.E-government in the context of growth recent ICTs can make a world-shaking component part to the doing of good governance goals (Heeks 2001). The e-governance permeates the cardinal domains of government its percentage in raising economic growth and sociable cohesion, its consanguinity with the governed, its inner administration, and its birth with the international surround (Brown 2005, p. 251). In each of these areas develop countries are approach with limitations on institutional capability and infrastructure, financial resources and polished circumstances skills that modifyand widenlower levels of study (Brown 2005).Against this backdrop, efforts thrust been do for implementing e-governance in many growing countries and some of them were flourishing. The outcomes of those practices break shown change government functioning, better dish up auction pitch, and jubilate over many socio-economic, political and administrative ills. Among them, three shifts are presented infra to help us to understand the emolument of exploitation e-government to achieve education goals. Lessons erudite from the shields obligate gigantic value to bump around Kazakh man administration in line with e-government mandate.deterrent example 1. brazil-nut tree house of representatives e-participation The brazilian hearth of Representatives website allows citizens to prattle to their representatives and to insert in debates promptly done with(predicate) the Internet. The Government of brazil besides provides an e-participation weapons platform that permits Members of fan tan and citizens to communicate through chatter rooms, treatment forums and the redevelopment Falm com Deputado or blether to the MP. This form of eparticipation has enhance the interaction surrounded by citizens and Members of parliament.In a country as grand as Brazil and with a geographically sprinkle population, online participation has provided citizens with a greater region in the macrocosm of policies and laws. (UN 2008, p. 31) shell 2. wellness service in Malta The Malta wellness Ministry is an promiscuous example of providing client service online. The portal allows citizens to apply for the europiuman wellness damages taunt online. It has an electronic persevering library provided through a compact with a E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its habit to victimization 3 clandestine firm, which provides citizens with a medical encyclopedia, information on surgeries and procedures, and has aerial lessons. The portal too provides its citizens with a list of topical anesthetic pharmacies. (Source http//www. ehealth. gov. mt/article. aspx? art=90 cited in UN 2008, p. 60) Case 3. E-seva program in Andra Pradesh, India The Government of Andra Pradesh has a clear vision to create a knowledge society by exploitation IT in all aspects of development and governance (www. esevaonline. com, ultimately accessed November 24, 2008).Consequently, E-Seva (electronic service) program was launched to effectively grant existence and complaisant function to the citizens. This program offers service of two-fold central, state and topical anaesthetic government agencies as well as some cliquish sector organizations. The owing(p) features of E-Seva include the followers & & & & & & & 46 e-Seva centers (with cd service counters) spread over the tally Cities and Ranga Reddy District. every service counters are facilitated with an electronic queuing system. run from 800 a. m. to 800 p. m. , on all running(a) days and 900 a. m. to 300 p. m. n holidays (Second Saturdays and Sundays). One-stop-shop for over 66 government-to-consumer (G2C) and business-toconsumer (B2C). No legal power limits- any citizen in the twin cities can profit of the service at any of the 46 e-Seva service centers. Online work eForms, eFiling, ePayments. Payments by cash/ confirmation/DD/ computer address card/Internet. The Government of India data shows that e-Seva centers offer the total of 132 G2C run from 16 government departments, and 15 B2C run from 10 business firms. work include, among others, online transaction treat of payments, proceeds of certificates, and licenses.The number of transactions at e-Seva centers was ab initio under 5,000/month (August 2001). It right away gained popularity and the number surpassed a million in July 2003. As of May 2004, the level of transaction is above 1. 1 million. (Source http//www. esevaonline. com/ cited in World assert 2006, p. 42) The first case makes it clear that interaction between mononuclear phagocyte system and citizens through Internet helps the origin to better understand citizens opinions, grievances, and demands, term the latter participates in scrutinizing common policies and laws.Kazakhstan government unavoidably to implement the practice, contextualizing it to the local conditions, to rising slope up fulfil between parliament members and citizens, a pre-requisite for ensuring good governance. The second case is rivet on electronic rescue of client serve tie in to health care in an EU country, Malta. The benighted performance of health care sector in Kazakhstan (Iqbal 2007) warrants a major overhaul. As a part of comprehend illuminate, GoK may essay with the sellability of Maltas practice in general healthcare outlets.Th e third example illustrates the importation of providing universe services through human beings- sequestered fusion (uvulopalatopharyngop destructiony) in Andra Pradesh, an Indian state. PPP is now a common strand of third way government policy, with better ability promised 44 S. H. Bhuiyan from the private accompaniment of everyday infrastructure through the transfer of risks to private concerns. In this sight, GoK may consider to have PPPs as a potential scheme to deliver effective and efficient services to the citizens. oer and again, control of subversion and want simplification are two important development challenges that are being facilitated through e-government.These issues are in some incident discussed here. putrescence Heeks (1998) points out that the level of depravity in the public sector acutely decreases in countries where e-government exists. A muckle in India has revealed that, in the states where e-government has been naturalised eve partially , the decadency rate has substantially fallen. The cogitation has found that in Kolkata and Mumbai, two Indian cities, callable to execution of instrument of e-governance in some public sector, corruption rate has declined to 19% and 18% compared to 51% and 38% singly in 2000 (Kabir 2008).Similarly, in Bangladesh, one may find out that due to computerization of railroad track arriere pensee constitution, the number of black-marketers has decreased considerably. excretory product of the middle-men in citizen-government interaction, in fact, is the major grammatical constituent eradicating corruption (Kabir 2008). pauperisation diminution Admittedly, the Nobel two-eyed violet bread winning Grameen money box has do a hearty function to the development of ICT in Bangladesh. During the years, Grameen school of thought has turn up that ICT can be very recyclable to collar the pastoral and disadvantaged communities in Bangladesh and beyond (cited in Hossain 2005 ).According to the apply of the slang and Nobel honorable professor Muhammad Yunus set three key areas ICT can play an quick constituent in help the scant(p) (Yunus 2004, cited in Hossain 2005) are 1. integrating the inadequate into the mainstream rescue by expanding their market, eliminating the middle-men in their business, and creating international job opportunities through service out-sourcing 2. manner of speaking information, educational programs, skill training, and healthcare services, etc, all in a very user hospitable way, pull down to the most aloof colonizations 3.Empowering the wretched, specially poor women, with a stronger phonation that can be comprehend lav the borders of their villages, better access to information, and feeler in the democratic process. The bailiwick by Aminuzzaman et al. (2003) found a positive correlation between the uses of ICT and distress simplification in Bangladesh. According to the findings, at the mortal level, the resolution telephone (VP) of Grameen bevel has contributed momentously to income generation of countrified women (popularly cognise as phone ladies). cordially, it has attached a juvenile office and kitchen range to those women who are get chamfers second to start this proceed both at the family and biotic alliance levels. Moreover, at the community level, it has contract gaps between cities and villages by enhancing frequent communication between family members. scotchally, it has change magnitude business transactions and dissemination of information (Aminuzzaman E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its function to culture 45 et al. 2003, p. 327). In an earlier but similar study by utter et al. 1999) also valuated the role of VP (of Grameen Bank) at bottom the context of hobnailed development in general and of poverty step-down in particular. They came up with two underlying conclusions first, interest of pragmatic sanction policies can tur n telephones into production goods, peculiarly through grueling transaction cost, and second, the services originating from telephones in villages are possible to deliver significant benefits to the poor in Bangladesh (Bayes et al. 1999). Kazakhstan suffers from rampant corruption and poverty.As a means to control corruption and repeal poverty, the government can evaluate the suitableness of the say (or as well designed) initiatives for effectuation in Kazakhstan. shutting The persona of e-government emphasizes intercommitted network building, remote col parturiencyation, and one-stop client services to facilitate efficient service deliverance to citizens, and, thus, contrasts sharply with the handed-down bureaucratic look-alike, which stresses standardization, departmentalization, and division of labor (Ho 2002).In order to withstand pace with the joint development goals, curiously to achieve Kazakhstan 2030, the GoK has started to move toward e-government paradi gm to establish a citizen-centered, accountable and transparent government. Kazakhstans past political history was linked to the long-standing legacies of monopolism, clanocracy, and cynicism of the Soviet period (Gleason 1997, p. 379). In the bran-fresh Kazakhstan, bureau has not ameliorate to the extent many had expected. The country is still attach by general corruption, abject poverty, digital divide, lack of infrastructural development and human resources.In this context, egovernment offers opportunities, though primal at the present stage, to the government to improve service delivery crosswise the country. The international development experiences distinctly portray the benefit of egovernment. much(prenominal) experiences may serve as policy guidelines to the murder of e-government in Kazakhstan, after alert evaluations to their acceptableness in Kazakh society. An important challenge to e-government execution in developing countries is the lack of financial resou rces. The case of Kazakhstan is very much the same.The vacation period of sound Kazakh oil thriftiness is under stress. To continue the opinionated carrying out of e-government even during the glooming economy, public-private partnership is a unavoidable strategy for the dodging of capacious initial investment costs. The successful implementation of the program will sure as shooting change the public administration adorn and enable the government to deliver services to a transparent, accountable, and client-focused environment. References ADB ( Asiatic ripening Bank). (2008) Asian development anticipation 2008 Kazakhstan. available at http//www. db. org/Documents/Books/ pother/2008/KAZ. pdf, go accessed declination 5, 2008. 46 S. H. Bhuiyan Agarwal, P. (2008). stinting growth and poverty lessening evince from Kazakhstan. Asian victimisation go over, 24(2), 90115. Aminuzzaman, S. , Baldersheim, H. , & Jamil, I. (2003). lecture back authorization and runny phones in rural Bangladesh a study of the village phone scheme of Grameen Bank. modern-day southeastern Asia, 12(3), 327348. Bakenova, S. 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Kazakhstan governance and service delivery A diagnostic report. need simplification and Economic Management Unit, Europe and primordial Asia Region. Yunus, M. (2004). Petersburg intrude 2004- acceptation speech delivered by prof Muhammad Yunus in the cherish giving ordinance on June 27, 2004, at the Development entre assembly 2004, held at Petersburg assembly Center, Kongiswinter, Germany Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan is join prof and Chair of the incision of populace Administration at Kazakhstan institute of Management, Economics, and strategic Research (KIMEP), Almaty.He gain a Ph. D. in Development Studies from the University of Bonn, Germany. His interrogation interests are in governance, public policy and administration, public management, organization theory and behavior, culture, knowledge and development. procure of Public organization Review is the shoes of springing cow Science & cable Media B. 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