What Role Should The Government Play in Gun Control? Essay -- Second Am

What Role Should The Government Play in Gun Control?A well correct Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Gun control is a received issue with Americans today. Many people have different opinions about how to handle our growing dilemma concerning guns. There are those who imagine we should ban guns altogether and those who believe we should not ban or restrict the peoples right to own guns at all. Both sides have valid arguments, but neither side seems to know how to compromise because of their very different opinions. I personally believe guns should be banned. However, those against gun control have very good arguments.The Second Amendment was written because of the colonists fear of an all-powerful central government taking over, but there are many interpretations of how the Second Amendment reads. The court has never raise the Second Amendment to clash with the Fourteenth Amendments as cribable Process clause which states that, No state shall...deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law (McClenaghan 522). This gave each state the right to set up their own rules and regulations, which I believe, is one reason why we have the problems that we do. There have been four major cases heard by the Supreme Court which found that the fire-arm control laws are constitutional United States v. Cruikshank (1986), Presser v. Illinois (1886), Miller v. Texas (1894), and the United States v. Miller (1939) (Strahinich 41). United States v. Miller was the most important. It supported a section of the National Firearms lick of 1934, basically stating that it is a crime to ship sawed off shotguns, machine guns, or silencers across state lines unless registered with the Treasury Department (McClenaghan 522). The United States already has more than twenty dollar bill thousand gun laws, but they do not seem to be making an impact. The first American gun control laws were written before the new War. The most effective and more recent laws have been the Gun Control Act of 1986 and the Brady Law. The Gun Control Act of 1986 has a lot of impact on our rights concerning firearms today. It requires federal licensing and inspection of dealers with new and stricter guidelines. It restricted the sale of ammunition and firearms betwe... ...on of law enforcement officials and military. We might not be able to stop all of this gun hysteria but at least we can close loopholes that control the sale and distribution of guns in America. Next to automobiles, guns are the second most deadly consumer intersection on the market. There are over two hundred million guns in circulation today, compared to the mere fifty four million in 1950 (Roleff 142).Works CitedDolan, Edward, Margaret Scariano. Guns in the United States. New York, New York Moffa Press, Incorporated, 1994. pp.. 29-30, 55.Lott, J.R. More Guns Less Crime. Chicago, Illinois University of Chicago Press, 1998. pp.. 1-2.McClenaghan, William. American Government. Needham, Massachusetts Prentice Hall, 1993. pp.. 489, 522.Netzley, P.D. Issues in Crime. Sandiego, California Lucent Books Inc., 2000. pp.. 32Roleff, T.L. ed. Gun Control, opponent Viewpoints. Sandiego, California Greenhaven Press Inc., 1997. pp.. 22-23, 25, 45, 47, 65-67, 76, 85, 117, 142.Strahinich, Helen. Guns in America. United States Walker Publishing Company, 1992. pp.. 41, 48, 51.http//www.alphadogweb.com/firearms/gun_control_is_a_nice_phrase.htm

Invisible Man Essay: Tone and Language -- Invisible Man Essays

Tone and Language in Invisible Man There are not legion(predicate) invigorateds that can produce such a feeling of both sorrow and jubilation for a eccentric as Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man. There is such a wide range of emotions produced by the sweet that it is impossible not to feel both ways. Invisible Man is a wonderfully well written novel about an African American living in pre civil rights America. The novel is an excellent example of a bildungsroman, a character finding himself as the study progresses. The narrator (invisible man) starts off a naive college student and ends with the young man realizing that his world has become that of illimitable possibilities. Ellisons writing techniques include that of visual imagery, irony, occasional satire, and infinite examples of symbolism. All of these writing techniques help to further the novel, and benefit the book as a whole. Two techniques that Ellison employ better than any others, however, are tone and language. Althou gh Ellison used these techniques well, there were some harmful mistakes in his writing which damage the credibility of the write up. One of the most important aspects to any novel is its tone. Tone sets the pace of the novel and dictates what kind of emotional effect the anecdote will have on the reader. The tone of Invisible Man is, for the most part, a remarkable thing. Ellisons tone creates both a tragic and a comic response to the reader. Ellisons tone can be said to be tragi-comic (Bellow). This tone occurs in the best pages of Invisible Man... in which an incestuous Negro farmer tells his tale (Bellow) of seducing and impregnating his own daughter. Through tone Ellison reveals how his invisible man thought himself to be invisible, as he learns that... ...ropriate to a character who has been presentd mainly as a passive victim of experience (Howe). With the exception of a few faults, Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is an excellent novel. Ellison makes good use of many a(pre nominal) literary techniques necessary for writing a good novel. These include satire, irony, symbol, imagery, and especially tone and language. The novel appeals to all races and ages of people because of the language used and of the heroic story of the young Negro trying to make it in a predominantly white American society. This novel is truly a classic and should become more and more so as people of all races look back on the symbolic struggle this young man had. Works Cited Bellow, Saul. Man secret Commentary June 1952 Ellison, Ralph. The Invisible Man 1952 Howe, Irving. Review of Invisible Man, The Nation 1952

Management Policy :: essays research papers

OPERATION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT all(a) organizations have procedures. A manufacturing company may conduct operations in a foundry, mill, or factory. Our interest is in the trouble of operations, or operations management (OM), including the usual management cycle of planning, implementing, and monitoring/controlling. The driving force for OM must be an overriding goal of continually improving service to guests, where guest substance the close process as well as the final, external user. Since there is an operation element in every function of the enterprise, all people in all jobs in every department of the organization should team up for proceeds of there own operations management elements. Teaming Up with Customers What happens when suppliers and client be disconnected? Consider design work, for example. Whether we speak of goods or services, time- and distance separation in the supplier- guest connection invites trouble. Question Whats your Job? Question But isnt your job to serve the customer? In grocery stores, where the supplier-relationship is immediate, the operations manager form is hard pressed to maintain a customer focus. The customer is the next process, or where the work goes next. A buyers customer is the associate in the department to whom the purchased item goes a cost accountants customer is the manager who uses the accounting operations-where the design will be produced or the service provided. It is withal clear that throughout the organization, people not only have customers, they are customers. Lets turn our attention to what customers want. A Short List of raw material Customer Wants The requirement is a recipients or customers view of a good or service. A close union with the customers actual requirements. A close partnership with the customer helps create good specifications, increasing the suppliers ability to fulfill the customers needs. What else do customers want? Customers have six requirements of their providers tall levels of quality. High levels of service. Low costs. OPERATIONS STRATEGY An organizational commitment with wide ranging effects, such as continuing improvement in meeting customer needs, is called a dodge. schema itself is necessary because of competition, and successful strategy ensures that company strengths match customer requirements. Integrated trade Strategy To accomplish its aims, the business team must plan strategy in all four-line functions. A comprehensive strategic business plan deals with issues bear upon the whole organization employees, markets, location, line of products and services, customers, capital and financing, profitability, competition, public image and so forth.Management Policy essays research papers OPERATION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT All organizations have operations. A manufacturing company may conduct operations in a foundry, mill, or factory. Our interest is in the management of operations, or operations management (OM), including the usu al management cycle of planning, implementing, and monitoring/controlling. The driving force for OM must be an overriding goal of continually improving service to customers, where customer means the next process as well as the final, external user. Since there is an operation element in every function of the enterprise, all people in all jobs in every department of the organization should team up for improvement of there own operations management elements. Teaming Up with Customers What happens when suppliers and customer are disconnected? Consider design work, for example. Whether we speak of goods or services, time- and distance separation in the supplier-customer connection invites trouble. Question Whats your Job? Question But isnt your job to serve the customer? In grocery stores, where the supplier-relationship is immediate, the operations manager system is hard pressed to maintain a customer focus. The customer is the next process, or where the work goes next. A buyers custo mer is the associate in the department to whom the purchased item goes a cost accountants customer is the manager who uses the accounting operations-where the design will be produced or the service provided. It is also clear that throughout the organization, people not only have customers, they are customers. Lets turn our attention to what customers want. A Short List of Basic Customer Wants The requirement is a recipients or customers view of a good or service. A close partnership with the customers actual requirements. A close partnership with the customer helps create good specifications, increasing the suppliers ability to fulfill the customers needs. What else do customers want? Customers have six requirements of their providers High levels of quality. High levels of service. Low costs. OPERATIONS STRATEGY An organizational commitment with wide ranging effects, such as continuing improvement in meeting customer needs, is called a strategy. Strategy itself is necessary because of competition, and successful strategy ensures that company strengths match customer requirements. Integrated Business Strategy To accomplish its aims, the business team must plan strategy in all four-line functions. A comprehensive strategic business plan deals with issues affecting the whole organization employees, markets, location, line of products and services, customers, capital and financing, profitability, competition, public image and so forth.

Macbeths Conscience in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- essays research

William Shakespeares seventeenth century tragedy, Macbeth, tells the story of Macbeth, whose ambition leads him to reach his bordering friends. In the play, he is told that he will become king, but to speed up the process he is convinced to kill the current king, Duncan. Although he is envisioned as a vile, evil character, the scene before he murders Duncan, his thoughts after the murder, and his encounters with his friends ghost show that Macbeth truly is a earthly concern of conscience. subsequently his wife encourages Macbeth to kill King Duncan when he visits their home, Macbeth truly considers the idea. Shakespeare allows his character to mull over the act and consequences in a soliloquy which, not precisely weighs the thinkable bad practical consequences of his act but shows him perfectly sure, in a way an evil man would not be, of moral values involve low I am his kinsman and subjectStrong as both against the deed, then as his host,Who should against his murderers shut the doorNot bear the knife myself (Scott 156)Macbeth is to the full aware of the crime he commits. Before comm... Macbeths Conscience in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- essays researchWilliam Shakespeares seventeenth century tragedy, Macbeth, tells the story of Macbeth, whose ambition leads him to murder his close friends. In the play, he is told that he will become king, but to speed up the process he is convinced to kill the current king, Duncan. Although he is portrayed as a vile, evil character, the scene before he murders Duncan, his thoughts after the murder, and his encounters with his friends ghost show that Macbeth truly is a man of conscience.After his wife encourages Macbeth to kill King Duncan when he visits their home, Macbeth truly considers the idea. Shakespeare allows his character to mull over the act and consequences in a soliloquy which, not only weighs the possible bad practical consequences of his act but shows him perfectly aware, in a way an ev il man would not be, of moral values involvedFirst I am his kinsman and subjectStrong as both against the deed, then as his host,Who should against his murderers shut the doorNot bear the knife myself (Scott 156)Macbeth is fully aware of the crime he commits. Before comm...

things fall apart and the spirit world :: essays research papers

When turmoil comes about, many have me verify one attribute to rely on to help them overcome certain disasters their faith. The characters of Things Fall Apart are no exception. The people of Umuofia call upon representatives of the notion knowledge base as a means of hospitality. They rely on their religion to settle resolutions with other tribes and to answer questions. They depend on the spirit world also to take care of punishments and in addition diarrhoea a significant role on new born babies. Unfortunately, the strong reliance with the spirit world collapse when the White Christians invade.It is clearly seen just how serious the spirit world is to the people of Umuofia. The kola nut is used as a social ritual of hospitality among the tribe. Representing vivacity, the nut is used as a welcoming snack. The kola nut is passed back and forth between the guest and the owner of the hut until one does the honor of finally cracking the nut. The people of Umuofia turn over these actions will please their gods. They believe that He who brings kola brings life.The people of Umuofia depend on the spirit world to help them with troubles or problems. When a nearby liquidation has killed an Umuofian woman, they turn to their gods to see what is fit as punishment. The gods order that the village do penance for their sins towards their people. Mbaino offer a boy and a young virgin as payment. Another example of when members of the clan call upon the representatives of the spirit world is when consulting with Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. Asking for her help is a common part ritual of their religion. Villagers come to the illusionist when they have questions of their future or hardship and get answers through its priestess.Many beliefs follow the religion that the people of Umuofia practice. The people rely on the spirit world to provide punishments when sacred laws of their religion are broken. Okonkwo is forced to make sacrifices to the earth goddes s when he violates the Week of Peace. Twins are thought to bring bad mass for parents, therefore are left to die in the Evil Forest to please the gods. Ekwefi, Okonkwos daughter is forced to find the stone that is linked to the spirit world. The people rely on this because it is thought that the spirit of an evil child re-enters its mothers womb, as punishment they are mutilated, but if the stone is found, then the cycle of dieing babies cease.

things fall apart and the spirit world :: essays research papers

When turmoil comes about, many have merely one attribute to rely on to help them overcome certain disasters their faith. The characters of Things affect Apart atomic number 18 no exception. The people of Umuofia band upon representatives of the spirit world as a means of hospitality. They rely on their religion to settle resolutions with different tribes and to answer questions. They depend on the spirit world also to take care of punishments and in addition play a significant role on new born babies. Unfortunately, the strong reliance with the spirit world collapse when the White Christians invade.It is clearly seen just how important the spirit world is to the people of Umuofia. The kola nut nut is used as a social ritual of hospitality among the tribe. Representing vivacity, the nut is used as a welcoming snack. The kola nut is passed clog up and forth between the guest and the owner of the hut until one does the honor of finally cracking the nut. The people of Umuofia beli eve these actions will please their gods. They believe that He who brings kola brings life.The people of Umuofia depend on the spirit world to help them with troubles or problems. When a nearby village has killed an Umuofian woman, they turn to their gods to see what is fit as punishment. The gods order that the village do penance for their sins towards their people. Mbaino offer a boy and a young virgin as payment. Another example of when members of the clan call upon the representatives of the spirit world is when consulting with Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. Asking for her help is a common part ritual of their religion. Villagers come to the oracle when they have questions of their future or bereavement and get answers through its priestess.Many beliefs follow the religion that the people of Umuofia practice. The people rely on the spirit world to provide punishments when sacred laws of their religion are broken. Okonkwo is forced to make sacrifices to the earth god dess when he violates the Week of Peace. Twins are mind to bring bad luck for parents, therefore are left to tumble in the Evil Forest to please the gods. Ekwefi, Okonkwos daughter is forced to find the stone that is linked to the spirit world. The people rely on this because it is thought that the spirit of an evil child re-enters its mothers womb, as punishment they are mutilated, but if the stone is found, then the cycle of dieing babies cease.

Twa Task

All the University in the public ar cogitate on environmental protection and rectifyment 1. We be living in an earned run average of Industrialization. We atomic number 18 consume a bulk more products In our lives as compared to our ancestors this is to improve the quality of life by saving time, facilitating ourselves and much more. Most of the world Industries are grown with certain pace and they have achieved maturity with the time. Then there are many environmental control regime and restrictive authorities which enforce certain environmental protection laws upon them.But unfortunately as far as Environmental protection is concerned Information and Communication industry is exploitation at such a faster pace that such kind of controls re not fully implemented or observed by CIT industry2. This is a huge danger for the world environment. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possibl e. It is also consuming ever greater amounts of nix and is thence the source of signifi tusht CA outpourings.According to calculation IT in a flash ca practises the release of as much carbon dioxide Into the atmosphere as to the highest degree 320 million cars, worldwide IT help curb this alarming trend. Simply by consistently Implementing known zero- conserving approaches, the CA emitted by IT systems drive out be roughly halved Green IT is what analysts, manufacturers and providers c any all IT solutions that save zippo at product line organizations. These include hardware, software and services. Where hardware is concerned, energy-efficient background knowledge PCs, thin-client architectures and data-center hardware rack uper answers, and so do energy supply and engine cooling system systems2.In the software and service area, there is signifi thronet potential In fertilization, in solutions for dynamic capacity management and data-center planning, and in storage-sys tem off shoring. You cannot purchase or order Green IT directly, but intelligent solutions re avail up to(p) that contribute to sustainability. And with the Increasing convergence of IT and telecommunications, It possible to take the Green pattern a step further3. The positive approaches of Green IT need to be combined with solutions from the Green CT.Green CIT extends to other(a), less comm exactly considered aspects of the entire life cycle. This includes experienced procurement, employee behavior, running data centers on sustainable generated energy, environmentally sound disposal of used electrical equipment, and as much recycling as possible. CIT is not intrinsically green, because it itself consumes energy and raw materials. But CIT can be leveraged to make business processes more energy-efficientl. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible.So the preliminary part of the project shar e some challenges which CIT Environmental control is facing on creating a Green CIT environment in the University. The goals of this project is to introducing and promoting Green Information and Communication Technology in the university2. This step of the project would indeed easily be implemented in the industry and all over the world. Due to rapid increase in Communication and computing technology we tend to face a very big issue of standard advancements in technology and the older technology tends to grow obsolete.This creates a pass around of waste material, as most of the University is not creating communication and computing technologies in a way that they can be reused. Definitely there is a forget me drug of competition in the market and it would increase the production cost of the industry which is focusing on recycling as well2. But we intend to Join hands with the environmental control organizations and regulatory authorities which are working to aka it a requiremen t on industry to produce recycle able products. Then we get out also focus that this industry must make low power aspiration CIT products.Also in their manufacturing they must also work on reducing their power consumption by reservation their systems efficient. As it focusing on conserving energy and making environment better, it include the advantage of using CIT products in the environment for telecommuting3. Review Current technology Recently applied technologies which reduces CA A closer find out at how CIT causes carbon dioxide emissions reveals two main culprits University office desktop environments and data enters. Most of CT-related CA emissions are caused by desktop computers and their monitors, and another by servers and cooling systems.We pass on therefore begin by discussing ways for Green CIT to reduce CA emissions in University office environments and in data centers3. Green CIT not only protects the environment by reducing the emissions emitted by CIT itself. W hen effectively and comprehensively applied, it can contribute much more. In University office environments, there is a long and formal practice of replacing conventional means of communication with CIT applications. To a large extent, hardcopy letters (along with the corresponding piece of music consumption, transportation and logistics) have been replaced by e-mail and testingl.Further savings potential lies in the creation of electronic work processes. This includes digitizing, archiving and distributing documents by e-mail or uploading them to a website making them available for all downstream operations. This generates savings in terms of paper, energy consumption and CA. Today, innovative solutions are available for high-tech pens integrated digital process, saving process costs and preventing information loss2. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PCs, reducing CA emissions and the cost of purchase and operation.Replacing a desktop PC with a thin client reduces the CA emissions of the desktop system. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of a few(prenominal)er components yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Green CIT can improve business processes that are not directly involved in CT, and dramatically lower CA emissions throughout the process chain. It is here that its true potential becomes apparent that CIT now accounts for global CA emissions. But Green CIT can also help significantly reduce the CA emissions not caused by CIT2.Rationale and Systems Analysis According to the IT director of the University of Bradford, the campus provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PCs and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently. However, at greenback times the students use around 1 500 PCs, which basically is half of the PCs of the univer sity. So in order to avoid power loss, an assets management system depart be designed and applied inwardly the campus.On the other hand, university servers use up to 27. 1 % of the campuss energy, so a unseasoned cooling system is already macrocosm installed in order to reduce the energy costs and the CA emissions. In addition to that, the estimation of the base load is around 20% of the energy which is considered exceedingly utilized a vast amount of the energy worn needs a major reduction as much as possible. Therefore, an investigation will be undertaken to identify dissimilar solutions which participate in the base load reduction . An initial plan will be designed to be assiduous within the campus.Since he students are considered a major contributor towards the energy usage. An awareness event will take place in the campus to help students get wind the concept of the green technology. During this week simple energy susceptibility programs will be undertaken. While the c ampaign is taking place the energy usage will be monitored and observed before and after the event. Currently the biggest problem rising is that the number of students enrolled in the university is around 15000 students and assuming 90% of the students have their own PC or laptop.So the idea of applying the cloud computing will save an enormous amount of money and at name time it will reduce the CA emissions. So the idea of cloud computing offers an efficient way of solving this problem. A directionl building will be chosen and modifications will be applied to this building, the energy usage of the building before the modifications will be compared to the usage after the modifications. The results will basically show whether its sufficient to apply them or not.Solution research 1) CIT devices can be made power efficient Each and every University office desktop offers opportunities to save energy. This involves both energy-efficient use of equipment ND the use of energy-efficient eq uipment. Even without deploying any new workers to change their habits. University policies can be developed and published making employees aware of how they can contribute through the use of hibernation mode and power-management software for hardware, duplex printing, and generally avoiding unnecessary printouts.The latest generation of energy-conserving desktop PCs, thanks to their better power units, storage technology and processors can slash energy costs2. State-of-threat LCD screens and thin-client architectures offer further opportunities for savings. The consistent, enterprise-wide deployment of energy-efficient and cost-saving equipment is a major challenge. Outsourcing the entire office CIT landscape is one way to implement Green CIT by minimizing the number of desktop computers and printers and maximizing their efficiency.University typically use a large number of, often different, devices for printing, faxing, copying and scanning. This complex landscape often leads to a lack of transparency, and there are often no accurate figures available on the total cost of operation3. However, the ratio of users to devices can be significantly improved by analyzing the rent foundation and actual user requirements then changes can be made to the type, number and position of devices, ensuring better use is made of available capacity, and reducing stand-by and idle times.Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PCs. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. fairish getting to and from the University office inflicts considerable burdens on the environment millions of commuters spend hours every day on roads, spewing immense amounts of exhaust gases into the atmosphere3. 2) CIT manufacturing industries can save a lot of money CIT devices consume 80% of power of their whole life during their manufacturing i n the industry.Only 20% of the power is consumed during their operational life and industry is more focused on saving some shareage of this 20% power. Indeed it is of key importance but we are more concerned about the 80% part as by deploying energy efficient machinery we can save a lot of cost, by conserving energy. Manufacturing of CIT devices consumes a lot of natural resources like fossil elicits, water and chemicals. And collect to regular advancement in the CIT industry a device has a life cycle of one to two years hardly2. Then in becomes obsolete.This then leads to another problem, there is hardly any professional recycling process or method introduced by industry so that the precious chemicals, iron, copper and other materials used in manufacturing can be properly disposed or recycled to conserve energy and resources. Then instead of throwing away or recycling these products we can focus on manufacturing and introducing products which can support and handle future develo pmentl. They can be upgraded. Manufacturers can get back this extra cost on recycle able design by getting benefit from recycling. But they only face time limitations due to high competition level.However there are regulatory authorities which are now focusing on implementing environmental laws on CIT manufacturers2. PER, extended producer responsibility is a concept owe a lot of responsibility in protecting environment from the wastes of their industries, high energy consumption and much more. 3) Consumers can become a force, by purchasing recycle able and upgrade able product But we as consumers owe a good share of this responsibility. We must purchase those CIT products which are recycle able, which can be upgraded, which consume low power and which are made in an energy efficient environment.In the university we will introduce only those CIT devices which are up to the mark on above mentioned standards, so that there might not be any harm to the environment. Then we will do rese arch on efficient energy consumption products. We will try to make devices which utilize very little energy 2. Also we will focus on understanding the up stair possibilities of less efficient industrial machinery in CIT industry. We must focus on the fundamental sign of the CIT products, because it is only at this stage that we can design devices which can be upgraded and recycled.We will try to limit as much as possible the use of toxic chemicals in the manufacturing of CIT products because if not recycled, these chemicals destroy our environment which is more often than not the case at this time. And we must understand that it is a global responsibility, this message from our research must prevail in the whole world3. We must try to ready people about the adverse effects of these bad practices of unjustly dumping CIT devices. IT devices and data enters in different organizations and our university as well consume a lot of energy and sometimes it is more than what is displayed o n the devices due to older devices.Therefore power efficiency is now given key factor in calculating the efficiency of the data centers. Project Deliverables Increasingly, CIT solutions are used to support University processes. These solutions can streamline University processes and have enormous potential for reducing CA emissions, because they improve the utilization of resources and digest them to be shared. CIT also permits in-depth monitoring of energy consumption and CA emissions throughout the value chain, so University processes and organizational structures can be enhanced accordingly2.The potential savings are particularly great in University with extensive, complex supply chains. But CIT can also have a major impact on supporting(a) processes, I. E. Via resource utilization in offices. In University with complex supply chains, efforts focus on reducing transportation. Intelligent transportation systems combine an array of applications to cut fuel consumption by up to 30 %, in conjunction with much lower CA emissions but with no loss in service quality. These systems are based on detailed, up-to-the- minute traffic information captured by an extensive network of IT devices and transmitted by telecommunications equipment.Route planners and navigation systems then calculate and continually modify the best possible route for vehicles and payloads3. The aim is to minimize the distances traveled, and the corresponding time, fuel costs, and to a large extent, CA emissions. Other applications, such as precise air RIFF-assisted positioning solutions, enable more efficient utilization of entire vehicle fleets. These technologies can also be applied to water and air transportation for example, streamlining airfreight operations could reduce fuel consumption by more than 10%. Racing systems, with nationalization through reduced charges, can encourage the use of low emission trucksl. Increasingly precise and realistic computer-aided simulation and design too ls (CAD) are gradually eliminating or at least minimizing the necessity of physical prototypes. Here too, greater worry can be paid to software- aided energy-saving functions for users. At the level of the vehicles themselves, automatic start-stop functions briefly switch the engine off when the clutch is snagged.Many non-core, cross-industry processes can be positively influenced by CT. cypher management is a particularly effective approach. Ideally, energy efficiency should be a key consideration from the outset, I. E. When planning and designing new offices and production facilities, giving rise to smart buildings. But innovative energy management systems can also be retrofitted at reasonable expense in existing buildings, adjusting the power consumption of lighting, heating and cooling systems in line with actual requirements.For private households, various providers re now developing smart metering and home management systems that comply with the EX. energy efficiency directi ve by identifying powering systems and opportunities for savings, and by influencing consumer behavior2. IT plays a key role in applications of this kind. In practically all businesses, paper consumption could be slashed by greater use of e-mail, e-billing and electronic archiving systems.Especially at large national and international organizations with central archives, automated workflow can dramatically accelerate processes by eliminating physical transportation and the associated trafficl. Currently, there are many data centers in the University. Green CIT could realize enormous savings in all of these data centers. Widespread use of state-of-the-art energy-efficient technologies and solutions, such as fertilization, could push the power consumption of data centers down to almost halving it in righteous few years 2. Another crucial factor is load.Servers in well-organized environments with UNIX machines operate at Just 35 to 45% of capacity with Intel servers, the figure is eve n lower, at 15 to 30%. On average, only 25 to 40% of data storage capacity is used. Utilization rates an be considerably improved by consolidating servers, storage systems and entire data centers saving a great deal of energy. Fragmented legacy data-center landscapes can be consolidated to Just a few data centers. Outsourcing often plays a major role. An IT service provider, for example, can operate a small number of large, efficient data centers that support multiple customer organizations 3.It is also possible to make better use of data-center resources, for example, by fertilization and by deploying shared-services solutions. This involves creating logical systems that are independent of the underlying physical assets. Instead of being dedicated to specific purposes, resources are shared and therefore used more efficiently. The ability to intelligently assign and administer resources is a key function within any fertilization solution. It ensures maximum flexibility in resourc e allocation. When servers are only operating under part load they still consume stuffyly as much power as fully utilized ones.Fertilization makes it possible to shut down servers that are largely idle, maximizing savings. Another possibility is for enterprises to entry networks. Servers can share resources, and state-of-the-art fertilization technology ND standardization can be leveraged to maximize utilization of existing hardware Project Timeline equality between the traditional building and the building after modification It is observed that by implementing new model energy-consumption savings at University is around 50% and by using different technology energy-consumption savings at University can be reduce to 25% in comparison to traditional model.Figure 1 Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and new model Figure 2 Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and different model Conclusion The issues of climate change and environmental protection have been debated for decades. Now they have become part and parcel of day-to-day business honesty Universities are accepting responsibility for the CA emissions they cause and are taking action. CIT has, in many ways, a vital role to play.It accounts for about two percent of global CA emissions, which must, and can, be curtailed. In addition, through the intelligent use of CIT solutions to support University processes in other Universities, it can help curb the other 98 % of emissions. The deployment of Green CIT makes a valuable contribution to protecting the environment. Many of the approaches presented in this paper are associated with lower costs, especially those that target energy consumption. They also improve a University image, and noticeably raise students and employee satisfaction.And as policymakers increasingly address climate change, new legislation and regulations on CIT can be expected in the near future. So Universities are well-advised to act now. Some approaches are already being practiced now. Every University has its own unique situation, and the first step should therefore be to analyze it. We have already ascribed possible approaches for University processes, data centers and office environments. Quick wins can be achieved by harvesting low-hanging fruit, for example by encouraging more energy-efficient use of office equipment or duplex printing.

In time of war, actions not morally acceptable become acceptable Essay

We live in an imperfect world where human inter numeralions breeds frictions occasioned by participation of different individuals in matters of society, economics and even apparitional inclinations of the different masses. Human beings have voluntarily or involuntarily found themselves in different atomic number 18as of life due to their races or ideologies and consequently have had to act in line with a certain set of belief. Therefore this has bred differences in how a different society approaches issues relating to both governance and interaction and lack of consensus among individuals and sometimes groups within and without have led to violence.This violence is sometimes political and involves a set of organized military groups fighting for a certain goal that is unremarkably political in nature. War is rough on the participants and mostly on innocent civilians caught in the middle of the chaos. The questions that strongly begs a just answer is washbasin there be a just stat e of war. Hedge (2002) claims that in essence there is not much difference between the U S political science and Alqueda arguing that despite what motives drives them to violence both the outcome is death of innocent civilians.However there are those who feel that to agree with Hedge would be to abnegate that there cannot be moral reasons to go to war and that the presuppositions behind the just war theory are fallacious and misguiding. In this regard it would be come to to agreeing that no reason should drive a country to wage war on another or even that terror groups must be allowed to effort the weakness of less able nations in order to bring terror to perceived enemies.In my opinion such(prenominal) a stand is untenable and impractical and a way to avoid taking responsibility in accordance to the natural laws of justice that guarantees freedom and rights of individuals (Zupan, 2004). It is therefore important to highlight that it is hypocritical to pass over that a party mi ght be justified to wage war to counter similar aggressiveness or as way of stopping unwashed violations against fellow human beings. All human beings have a right to life is a clearly accepted feature and anything that contravenes such a fact would ordinarily be considered immoral and against fundamental pillars of justice, rights and freedoms.However whereby a war has been taken as to being justified then a waiver is taken in order to grant the involved parties the right to take away the lives of those perceived to be the enemies. In addition the loss of civilian life in the course of such a war is simply taken to be the costs of bringing such changes as necessitate that war. Hedge actually accuses working capital of stooping so low as to use death as a means of expressing its dissatisfaction with certain issues (Hedge, 2002).In other wars certain groups of people who antecedently viewed as morally incorrect might receive a change of perceptions simply because they direct thei r atrocities to the perceived enemy. In this regard the common phrase that an enemy of my enemy is my enemy becomes true. There are those who would argue for the sovereignty of nations and that a state has a right from external interference. In ordinary times such a status applies and there are clear efforts to observe and even promote the status quo. However in times of war sovereign borders are breached and this usually leads to the removal of leadership or occupation of such state.Hedge (2002) however seeks to point out that while he is not a war supporter, that it is sometimes important to use force to counter a force that is much immoral as compared to the countering force. It is therefore important then that we must actualize that we have a moral responsibility to take care not to ignore or indeed breach the fundamental rights of citizens as we engage in war. Hedges, C. (2002). War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. New York Anchor books. Zupan, D. (2004). War, Morality and A utonomy. London Ashgate publishings.

Early Childhood Essay

Discusses the numerous options that students dedicate when it comes to choosing the right school for them. Because every student is different from each other, it is only enough that schools become as diverse as they could be. The schools are not only diverse in terms of their geographical locations but also in terms of the programs they offer, the standards they maintain, and the population. It is important that clawren and families be given the immunity to select the school they want to apply to because of the need to grow and learn in a place where the student is most comfortable in.The freedom to choose what school to go to is also vital in contributing to the childs future because there might be some schools where certain programs that the child need are not available. If the law would not allow families to choose the schools their children should go to, it might limit the childrens development and, ultimately, their overall success in life. However, as with all other things , the freedom to choose also has its own negative effects, and both families and educators should be aware of these effects to be able to let a better development to the children.Freedom is a good thing, especially if it means success. Still, people should keep in mind that if they abuse the freedom they have in their hands, nothing good would ever come out. In choosing the right school, students should think about what they want to achieve and what they want to become in life. They should also consider practical things like the cost of studying in a particular school. For educators, they should remember to give every student the chance to experience the education of their institution no matter what the students status in life may be.

Difficulty Of Teaching Narrative Writing In English Class

It is an undeniable f comprise that yarn piece of music is unrivalled of the most hard constructs to learn in an English authorship category. virtuoso of the aims of the KBSM English course of study ( 2000 ) states that pupils should be able to listen, position, read and respond to different texts, and express thoughts, sentiments, ideas and feelings imaginatively and creatively in spoken and written frame . Therefore, muniment authorship has become a staple inquiry in the Continuous Writing subdivision of Paper 1 for the English SPM scrutiny. Despite the 9 old ages of composing love the pupils had, bulk of the pupils in Malaysia argon still doing serious composing mistakes in their narrative essay. These mistakes are largely linguistic mistakes plainly mistakes made in composing mechanics are every bit as damaging.Since the KBSM course of study s origin, instructors all around the state and correct pedagogues in universities have been nameking to order a methodological ana lysis on learning authorship. However, merely a little minority would turn to reckoner Assisted Language encyclopaedism ( CALL ) as a possible solution and how many would really recognize that young persons of this coevals are really much technologically savvy? By working this tendency, we might be able to incorporate engineering into the schoolroom on a whole raw degree, beyond the initial theories of CALL. Video halts, a signifier of amusement enjoyed by young persons and grownups likewise hold a well of possible in assist linguistic dialogue skill. In this inquiry, I will be breasting at how playing a specific genre of compute granuloses will act upon the narrative authorship attains of a Malayan ESL scholar.Background of ProblemVideo impales are a large portion of the lives of pupils all around the universe. Based on the annual computer hardware gross revenues statistics released by VGChartz.com, 28.4 million gambling consoles were sold as of July 2010 and 12 % of the consoles were sold in the Asiatic part ( excepting Japan ) . Additionally, The delight Software Association ( 2010 ) estimated about 25 % of worldwide backrs are downstairs 18 old ages of age. By synergizing both statistics, it has become an undeniable fact that pupils below 18 old ages of age would hold played some signifier of motion picture game. This opened a well of possible where linguistic confabulation acquisition elements could be integrated into photo games. Harmonizing to Salisch, Oppl and Kristen ( 2006 ) , educational games can better a child s cognition in about all points including reading, speech production, auditory sense and composing accomplishments in the kid s native linguistic communication. Therefore, it could be said that picture games play a important function in enriching a scholar s composing top executive as video game narratives are normally narrative driven to plunge the participant into its narrative.Presently, instructors in Malaysia a re still discerning about the use of Computer Assisted Language Learning tools in the schoolroom. The failure of English for the Teaching of Mathematics and Science is one of the testaments to this fact. Countless CALL courseware were veritable however non to the full utilized by the instructor. Teachers in Malaysia still prefer to utilize traditional learning methods of chalk and slop oer technology-aided information methods. The true potency of CALL has yet to be to the full tapped by English instructors in Malaysia. The ineffectualness of authorized English instruction methodological analysiss could possibly be that the pupils, being technologically savvy, happen the traditional lessons drilling, uninteresting and non exciting. Teachers who refuse to encompass the technological civilization of the pupils such as the network and video games may hold missed out on the assorted benefits these tools could potentially awayer.In this survey, I will be utilizing the action-advent ure picture game developed by the award winning developer, Naughty Dog Inc. , entitled UNCHARTED 2 Among Thievesa? entirely for the PlayStationA 3 bet oning console. This game has been dubbed as one of the beat action escapade titles of all time developed for the PlayStationA3 console. Harmonizing to Arne Meyer ( 2010 ) , a Community Strategist of Naughty Dog Inc, UNCHARTED 2 Among Thievesa? has sold over 3.8 million transcripts worldwide and has won legion Game of The Year award. This game featured dramatic in-game events that will do the participant an active participant in the cinematic generate and its gambling engine, designed specifically for the PlayStation3 console, successfully captured human emotions for in-game portraiture. This characteristic of the game made it alone and set it apart from all the early(a) picture games of the like genre.This seek seeks to turn to some of the pressing issues in the gray country of video games and linguistic communication acquisiti on through prolonged interaction with a commercial messagely available picture game. Can playing a picture game truly help pupils in geting certain linguistic communication accomplishment? More specifically, this research is designed to analyze larning from games by measuring what adolescents in Form 4 learn by playing an bing, off the shelf, commercially available electronic picture game UNCHARTED 2 Among Thievesa? . The game Uncharted 2 Among Thievesa? was developed to entertain, but can besides be utilise to learn narrative composing due to its immersive game drama experience and narrative face.Problem StatementThe current coevals of ESL scholars in Malaysia is round up in an progressively technologically advanced universe. In a coevals where traditional acquisition methods are going dis apply, instructors of ESL would necessitate to switch their paradigms to need modern learning methods which revolved around engineering itself. Over the past few old ages, research in Com puter Assisted Language Learning ( CALL ) has been meetful and it has become an constituted fact that linguistic communication acquisition through CALL methods are really much successful in the current coevals of ESL scholars. However, advocates of CALL have yet to develop a method which specifically targets the narrative authorship ability of an ESL scholar. Research workers and instructors would hold that the narrative accomplishment is the trickiest accomplishment to learn in an ESL schoolroom as narrative authorship acquired a high degree of originative thought. But, many research workers failed to see an of import tool in their research picture games. Although legion research have been done on the effects of video games on a kid s psychological development and acquisition, small or none have focused on its effects on an ESL scholar s narrative authorship ability, particularly in a local context. Because of this, picture games are non to the full exploited for their wealth in linguistic communication instruction.The general perceptual experience of video games in the older coevals is that picture games do non lend anything to the educational development of a kid. Video games are seen as distracting, un-educational, and unhealthy. It was ofttimes diabolic for doing pupils to execute severely in their surveies. These misconceptions are farther aggravated by the legion researches which seemed to link picture games and violent behaviour in kids. These factors caused video games to be stigmatized and overlooked as a possible linguistic communication larning tool. However, recent surveies concluded that there are no existent correlativity among playing picture games and negative behaviour development among kids some kids even performed better than their non-game playing equals ( Durkin & A Barber, 2002 ) . It would be interesting to analyze at the extent of lingual betterment turnd by the picture game and the factors doing it as current surveies have yet to happen a solid correlativity between video game playing and narrative authorship accomplishment development.Most ESL scholars acquisition of an L2 from video games is inadvertent. This means, the games were non designed with linguistic communication acquisition as its end, instead, the game was written with the sole(prenominal) aim of plunging the participant into the narrative and doing them bury that they are really playing the game ( Dansky 2007 ) . This created a pseudo-immersion environment where the scholar s L2 ( in this instance, English ) is used was the chief medium of communicating as the full game is presented in English. Professional game authors are normally incognizant of the fact that the narrative construction they applied in their game book are being subconsciously absorbed by participants to develop narrative composing constructions of their ain. Since most Malayan parents and pedagogues do non play nor understand picture games, they are non cognizant that pi cture games are embedded with a rich narrative construction which could be transferred to its participants.Most parents and pedagogues frequently complained that childs presents are passing excessively much clip playing video games. They felt that picture games are non relevant to a child s donnish advancement and that clip is better exhausted making something more productive. These sentiments stemmed from the fact that grownups are merely loath to accept the outgrowth of new engineerings and unintentional to interrupt out of the traditional safe-zones based on theories and methods which worked good over the old ages. Parents and pedagogues likewise needed to be informed on the potency of video games heightening linguistic communication acquisition and to be taught how to utilize this tool efficaciously. Once they learn to see through their kid s eyes, they will in conclusion interrupt the stigma which plagued pictures games for old ages.There is besides a go oning confusion bet ween edutainment software product and commercial picture games. Edutainment package were designed in the 1980s and falls under type 2 of communicative CALL. Many ESL instructors were either non positive or incognizant that edutainment package designed under the Communicative CALL stage is able to better an ESL scholar s linguistic communication acquisition. Furthermore, these package are frequently expansive and were extremely dependent on progressively bettering computing machine hardware, therefore, edutainment package had been shunned by the learning community in general. Now, with the outgrowth of commercial gambling, instructors of ESL will be able to work commercial picture games to enrich their schoolroom. Hardware jobs which plagued edutainment were made disused with bet oning consoles and teachers no longer hold to obtain a licence to utilize the package in the schoolroom due to the Fair Use clause under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DCMA ) . ESL instructors woul d hold to understand that edutainment package and commercial package are separate entities and that commercial picture games are merely every bit educational as its edutainment opposite number. Besides, commercial picture games have a greater potency of heightening linguistic communication acquisition compared to edutainment package as the bulk of edutainment package focused on all topic but English and it is still designed with drill and pattern methodological analysiss in head an out-of-date attack in the ELT universe.Purpose of ResearchThe intent of this research is to place the elements in the narrative construction used in action-adventure picture games in relation to general ESL narration. Apart from that, this survey besides aims to analyze the influence of action-adventure picture games in scholars of ESL s narrative authorship ability.Aims of ResearchThere are two aims in this research. It aims to place the elements in the narrative construction used in action escapade pic ture games in relation to general ESL narration.analyze the influence of action escapade picture games in scholars of ESL s narrative authorship ability.Research QuestionsThe followers are the research inquiries that I will look into what are the elements in the narrative construction used in action escapade picture games in relation to general ESL narration?how would action gamble picture games influence an ESL scholar s narrative authorship ability?Scope of ResearchThis research will be done on 5 selected Form 4 male pupils of Maktab grand Turk Abu Bakar ( English College ) JB and would be look intoing the influence of action-adventure picture games on their narrative authorship ability by concentrating on the narrative constructions used in their written narrative.Significance of ResearchThe impact the research may convey is that in the hereafter, professionals from both the academic and video game fabrication may be able to clearly separate between edutainment games and commer cial picture games. An avenue of future coaction to bring forth a game which is both gratifying and written utilizing pedagogical theories of linguistic communication acquisition could be done to sublimely integrate linguistic communication larning teaching method with commercial picture games. Blending both the gambling industry and the academic industry would open up an ocean of larning chances for both professionals to farther innovate in their Fieldss. Game interior decorators would be able to plan a game which still held true to the game design doctrine of doing games fun, prosecuting, synergistic and cinematic and at the same clip, doing the game a well of linguistic communication instruction resources for linguistic communication practicians. Language instructors may besides profit from future coactions with game authors as they will be able to leave their narrative authorship cognition to be taught in schools.Apart from that, hopefully from the fruitful nature of this resear ch, instructors of ESL would recognize that playing picture games are non merely a eat of clip. Teachers could tackle the potency of video games to integrate a picture game into the schoolroom by holding the pupils composing brooding diaries to chronicle their gambling experience and that written and unwritten assignments could be given based on the played game. Learners of ESL would no longer happen English as a drilling topic to larn as video games would excite their involvement and their acquisition of L2 may be hastened with the background cognition activated. Teachers of ESL could besides experiment with the different genres of commercial picture games available in the market to happen new dynamic resources to develop teaching stuffs and lessons. These eternal possibilities would basically take the stigmatisation of video games among instructors of ESL in Malaysia to promote work the full potency of video games as an synergistic linguistic communication larning tool.Last but non least, this research would open up new possibilities and agencies of give meaningful and piquant content through an electronic medium, hence, broadening the range and execution of Computer Assisted Language Learning in Malaysia. CALL s development in Malaysia boomed with the authorities s English for the Teaching of Mathematics and Science ( ETMS ) . But, it is once more put on a dead clinch as the authorities reversed the policy in 2009. This research, if done right, would be able to kick get down CALL s development in Malaysia and perchance launch Malaysia into video game design. Once the learning community recognized the potency of commercial picture games, game developers in Malaysia would derive the originator to bring forth high quality games which are suited to the Malaysian context, retaining the really aspects which made commercially successful picture games fun and prosecuting, at the same clip imbued with educational ends as stated in the National Education Philoso phy.Restrictions of Research.As this is a little graduated table research, it is bound to hold its restrictions. This research uses an experimental research design with a purposive sampling method choosing merely 5 respondents, the consequences derived from this survey might non stand for the general population. This is due to the hardware restriction of the survey which merely allows for 2 PlayStationA3 console to be used throughout the 6 hebdomad survey ( budget constrains ) , restricting the meet of participants in order to run into the 6 hebdomad period. Besides, this research will merely be taking in Form 4 male pupils of Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar ( English College ) JB, therefore, the effects of the picture game would hold on female pupils could non be done due to the gender choice. Last, I m concentrating merely on the construction of the narrative essay produced by the respondents. So, this research would non be able to find the effects of video game in other countries of li nguistic communication larning such as vocabulary acquisition, grammar sweetening, unwritten accomplishments etc.Definition of FootingsAction-adventure gamesAction-adventure gamesA combine elements of their two constituent genres, action and escapade. Typically having long-run obstructions that must be spank utilizing a tool or point as purchase, every bit good as many smaller obstructions about invariably in the manner, that require elements of action games to get the better of. Action-adventure games tend to concentrate on geographic expedition and normally affect point assemblage, simple mystifier resolution, and combat.NarrativeA narrative is basically a narrative that is created in a constructive format that describes a sequence ofA fictionalA orA non-fictionalA events.Video Game NarrativeVideo game narration is the constituent of storytelling within the picture game s book. It serves as a method by which the narrative stuffs are communicated to the audience.NarrativeIn video game design, the narrative is what really happens in the class of the game which can be differentiated from its game mechanics and be translated into a narrative.BackstoryThe backstory inside informations the memoir prior to the events of the game and it provides the reply to the inquiry What happened antecedently? and What caused this state of affairs to go on? SubmergenceSubmergence is defined in video game design as the province of head where a individual is wholly absorbed in what they are making. This is the ultimate end in every game narrative as entire submergence allows the participants to be absorbed into the narrative and allows maximal amusement experience.

IPT Marketing Analysis

According to the International Dairy Deli Bakery Associations Whats in Store report, 93% of Americans snack, with 50% of them doing so two or three times a day 40% at least four times a day and 13% five or more times a day (Industry News Snacks and Sweets Statistics, 1998). Everybody snacks. In a culture bored by potato chips and peanuts, there is a golden opportunity for IPT to infiltrate the national snack trade, both sweet and salty, by whirl something unique, which get out appeal to all ages and ethnic groups.Initially, target markets will consist of three categories based on price structure and volume integrated accounts, retail customers, and wholesalers. In order to reach these target markets, a number of means will be used. For corporate accounts, including incentive companies, sales managers will participate in a sales blitz of topical anesthetic companies and both print and online e-zine advertising will be placed with trade publications. To reach wholesale accounts, s ales managers will participate in trade shows and banner advertising will be placed on commercial distributors websites.Retail customers, IPTs strongest market, will be tapped through the maturation of a catalog, a website with point of sale softw ar, and radio advertising on a local and national level. Currently, a strong market exists for retail consumers who are health conscious but dont want to institutionalize up snack foods, or what is labeled compromisers (Kuhn, 1996) and this will be a cite segment for IPT.In the future, expansion of target markets will include foreign consumers, bulk buyers, and ethnic groups (with offerings of flavor lasts reflective of culture). After expansion regionally and nationally, the next market to logically to acquire is a global one. As IPT expands its operations, it is essential to fine-tune wareion in order to attract customer who will order in bulk, such as Wal-Mart. With IPTs patented stopping points process, it will be easy to offer a dditional exotic flavorings to attract various ethnic groups.Market segments are change integrity geographically, psychographically and by price point. Geographic areas will be segmented according to local, country-wide and Canada and sales managers assigned to each markets. The psychographic segments are categorized according to those who are health-conscious, families, and youngster boomers as well as senior citizens who maintain fond memories of popcorn and pretzels as treats while growing up. In addition, segmenting by price points will give IPT the categories of retail, wholesale, and corporate accounts.Pricing to the various segments will reflect high-end cost with retail consumers paying full mark-up, wholesalers receiving a 40% discount off retail pricing and corporate accounts capable of realizing a 25% to 35% discount based on annual sales volume. Retail customers will bring in the most usefulness per sale, however, sales from the retail sector will certainly be lower than that of those at the wholesale and corporate levels.Positioning of IPT in the marketplace will be firstly and foremost focused on its products quality, uniqueness and variety (snack foods, floral arrangements and gift baskets). The products, many with their origination in Pennsylvania Dutch country, and the patented popcorn coating process are unique and consumers will see them as exotic. Stressing the variety of products offered will capture further shares in the market. Brand management based on this positioning strategy will employ the use of memorable tag lines geared at the various segments such as Dutch treat and sizable indulgence. To coincide with this brand management philosophy, marketing materials will be consistent in packaging and liberally employ the use of IPTs impudently created, distinctive logo.IPT is differentiated by other, larger, snack food suppliers by offering a more personal touch in customer service. Customers will have several ways of ordering prod ucts (phone, catalog, website, retail store) as well as the availability of a dedicated customer service line for any problems that top executive arise, day or night. IPTs snack foods are different than other manufacturers, such as Frito Lay, because of their Pennsylvania Dutch origins. This, along with IPTs unique coating process, allows the company to offer very unique products unavailable at the local grocery store. The modern trends in snack foods are to be organic and salutary while a heavy Asian and Hispanic influence demand that spicier flavors be added to snack foods (Snack Food Trends in the United States, 2006).With the company strengths of local recognition, the patented coating process, the long-term contracts and the addition of other products to its offering, IPT is poised to become a major player in the snack food and retail product market. Only through effective marketing, however, will this be achieved.ReferencesIndustry News Snacks and Sweets Statistics. Retrieve d February 4, 2008 from Fiery Food Website http//www.fieryfoodscentral.com/zine-industry/sweetstats.html.Kuhn, Mary Ellen (February, 1996). The charge of the light brigade. Food Processing. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from the any Business Website http//www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/food-manufacturing/544503-1.html.Snack Food Trends in the United States (2006). American Taste Magazine. Summer edition. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from the American Taste Website http//www.american-taste.com/AP%20Sm06%20Snack.htm.

Microsoft Corp.’s Pricing Policies Essay

Executive SummaryThis slick study foc dod on the Microsoft Corporation and charges do by their competitors, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Department of Justice of antimonopoly violations and a monopoly of the computer operating systems and applications softw atomic number 18, software development as wellls (e.g., programming language software), and hardware peripherals (e.g., Microsoft Mouse) that Microsoft specializes in. It focused on numerous issues that would lead unrivaled to believe that Microsoft was in fact monopolizing the entire industry they were in. .In order to adequately discuss and analyze the issues of this case, I prolong broken this paper up into four enjoin sections.Section 1 Key Terms & Concepts Description of the key terms & concepts that pertain to this caseSection 2 The Case Against Microsoft Identify the facts and information that animation my case against MicrosoftSection 3 The Defense of Microsoft Identify certain facts and information that support a defense of MicrosoftSection 4 dish aerialussion What I be in possession of learned from the caseAfter reading this case study, I went back to the email that I received from you and went over the questions that you suggested we consider. The first question was If you were the jurist how would you hit a case against Microsoft or a dominant leader? I will attempt to do this in Section 2 The Case Against Microsoft. The endorsement question was If you were Microsoft how might you defend yourself against DOJ claims? I will cover this in Section 3 The Defense of Microsoft. I will attempt to demo why it was very necessary for the DOJ to bring a case of monopoly and antimonopoly violations against Microsoft. In doing this, I will attempt to put myself into Microsofts topographic point and defend their claims that they confound non created a monopoly.Section 11. Key Terms & ConceptsThe reason I decided to include these terms and concepts was to make it easier for me to ca rry through this paper and use certain terms without describing them each time I used them in my paper.Department of Justice, Antitrust Division The Assistant Attorney frequent for Antitrust, a presidential appointee, ran the Antitrust Division of the DoJ. When the Division thought the evidence was sufficiently persuasive, it brought criminal charges. The Division besides entered into negotiations with businesses to end litigation in mass meeting for consent decrees in civil cases, or nolo contendere (no contest) please in criminal casesDOJ Department of Justice The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a footlocker department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to en authentic fair and impartial governance of honourableice for all Ameri push asides (http//en.wikipedia. Org /wiki / United_States_Department_of_Justice)DOS Disc Operating SystemFTC Federal Trade Commission The F TC enforces federal antitrust and consumer protection laws by investigating complaints against individualistic companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission)ISVs Independent Software VendorsMS-DOS Microsoft Operating SystemsNDAs Non-disclosure agreementsOEMs Original Equipment ManufacturersOS Operating SystemsPC Personal ComputerSherman Anti-Trust Act it made illegal whatsoever form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would do the effect of restraining trade. And it also put duty on government attorneys and district courts to pursue and investigate trusts http//en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Sherman _ Antitrust_Act)The Clayton Act of 1914 The Clayton Act was designed to prevent monopoly in the beginning rather than to remedy its effects. To accomplish this goal, copulation authorized antitrust prosecutions whenever business practices maysu bstantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, in any section of the country.Section twain of the act forbade sellers from discriminating in price selling goods of like grade and quality to variant buyers at different prices when such differences were nevery cost justified nor necessary to meet competition. Section Three limited the use of tying and exclusive dealing contracts. Tying contracts unavoidable purchasers or leases to acquire a second, separate product in order to obtain the desired product. Exclusive dealing contracts obliged a purchaser or lessee not to deal in products of competitorsVaporware is software or hardware which is announced by a developer well in advance of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle. The term implies deception, or at to the lowest degree a negligent degree of optimism that is, it implies that the announcer knows that product development is in too early a stage to support responsible statements about its completion date, feature set, or even feasibility (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware)Section 22. The Case Against MicrosoftIn order to make my case against Microsoft and prove that they are most assuredly in violation of monopoly and anti-trust regulations, I will answer the following questions1. Is this a case of monopoly?2. Is this case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?Is this a case of monopoly?When I began considering my approach to this paper, I first thought about situations where I was absolutely sure I had been the victim of a monopoly. In order to do this, I first had to make sure that I fully understood exactly what a monopoly was. The Ameri jakes Heritage Dictionary defines a monopoly as Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a trade good or service. In simpler terms, I have always thought of a monopoly as a big corporation doing its best to screw-over the little qat (A. K.A the customer) by doing its best to make as much money as possible.The first situation that came to mind when I thought of a monopoly was how the Comcast cable follow had a virtual strangle- cast on the cable service in my homes area. Since they had exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service, in this case they were the only cable provider in our area, you were forced to settle for Comcasts service unless you had satellite television or you were willing to settle for the wonderfully fuzzy reception from the antiquated rabbit ear antennas of years past.As a result, we unfortunately had to deal with Comcasts despicable service and always rising rates. Luckily for us, another competitor came in to the picture when WOW (Wide Open West Internet-Cable-Phone) set up service in our area. We switched cable providers almost immediately and we couldnt have been happier. They have provided excellent customer service and their rates are consistently lowert han Comcasts. As a consumer, we definitely benefited from the increased competition and eventual abolishment of the cable phoner monopoly in our area.With that out of the way, I was forced to look at whether or not Microsoft had a monopoly in their particular industry. Based on the information in this case, I cannot say that Microsoft has a monopoly on any single entire industry. Do they dominate the majority of endeavors that they choose to participate in? Of course they do. Just look at some of these numbersAs you can see from mesa 1, Microsoft dominates the commercialize shares of suite software in the United States. The only problem with these numbers is the fact that they are limited in their time range. In my experience, triple years is a long enough time to make an approximate forecast for future happenings, from a financial standpoint. However, that is from a transportation and supply-chain perspective where the briny variable happens to be the customers shipping fluctuat ions. In a volatile and constantly evolving market such as software development, these numbers could express tremendously with the introduction of a new and sought after product or changes in consumer wants and desires.Table 2 enters the financial numbers of Microsoft and three of their competitorsThis also tells a lot about Microsofts market dominance, but this time from a financial standpoint. Two things that stand out to me in this table are the fact that Microsoft has almost twice as much net revenue than their nearest competitor (Microsoft has 4,649 and Novell has 1,998). The second thing that jumped out to me is the fact that all of the competitors show an increase in net revenue from 1984 to 1994. Based on the growth of Microsofts competitors (which there are more than one), I feel confident in saying that Microsoft does not have a monopoly in their industry. They do not meet the standard set forth by the simple definition in the dictionary of Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. As you can clearly see from the tables, Microsoftdoes not have exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service.However, Microsoft does in fact hold a monopoly on many other counts, one of which is that Microsoft Windows, the Microsoft OS, is installed on most personal computers that can be purchased from Dell, Hewlett Packard, Compaq, and the like. Because this OS comes pre-installed, we as the consumers do not have much of a choice and there is not much of an alternative for us to go with unless we want to switch to an Apple Macintosh OS. Although Microsoft isnt a natural monopoly in the classically defined or economic sense that Ive identified above, it is a natural monopoly in the land of cyberspace. Microsoft is the path of least resistance for government, consumers, and programmers alike. Microsoft may have many faults, but they make a lot of things easier too.Most of us are willing to a ccept a monopoly such as Microsoft has for increased convenience and usability. Microsoft is a one-product company, no matter how it may sometimes appear. Their advantage is fundamentally due to the success of Windows. It rose to power with one product, and it resides there because of the success of that product. Unfortunately for us, this is not only the best product on the market, it is the only true alternative for us to use. In my book, regardless of the textual matter definition, this constitutes a monopoly by Microsoft.Is this a case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?As I stated in Section 1, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act makes illegal any form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would have the effect of restraining trade. Based on this case and the readings from hebdomad 7, there is proof that Microsoft did violate the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, particularly Sections 1 and 2 of the Act. Section One prohibited contracts, combin ations and conspiracies in restraint of trade while Section Two outlawed monopolies and attempts to monopolize.Microsoft violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by illegally using its market power to restrain trade in the high tech industry.A register from the DOJ on December 19, 1999 stated that Microsoft engaged in illegal conduct in five separate ways* by tying browser sales to sales of the operating system* by using its market power to illegally maintain a monopoly* by attempting to monopolize the browser market* by imposing exclusive dealing arrangements between itself and Internet service providers and/or developers and* by imposing first boot-up and screen restrictions on computer makers.http//news.com.com/2100-1001-233992.htmlThe DOJ filing in December of 1999 shows exactly why Microsoft was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Some of the things that Microsoft has done that clearly violate the act include, but are surely not limited toMicrosoft customers upgrading the ir copies of Microsoft Office at the Microsoft website, but using the competitions web browser, are greeted with a message insisting on the use of MSIE for the full edition of the update.On November 18, 1998 the digital greeting card company hot Mountain Arts discovered that beta versions of Microsofts Outlook emit (which comes free with Internet Explorer) were automatically filing Blue Mountains e-mail greeting cards into the junk folder rather than the inbox. Shortly afterwards, Blue Mountain Arts discovered that Microsofts WebTV service was blocking their e-mail greeting cards as well.When the courts ordered Microsoft to ship Windows without an integrated Internet Explorer, the company complied by offering a non-functional version of the OS, claiming that the browser was now so completelyintegrated into Windows to remove it was tantamount to breaking the operating system.-All three of these examples were interpreted from the following website http//www.vcnet. com /bms/departmen ts/dirtytricks.shtmlTo summarize, Ive identified the following factsMicrosoft does have a monopoly in their industryMicrosoft did violate Acts 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-trust ActIt is convenient for Microsoft to say that their success is solely based on them being able to produce good products. Although they do devote extraordinary resources to improving their technologies, they also work diligently to cash in ones chips growth and in-roads from their competition.Section 33. The Defense of Microsoft I am not going to spend a great deal of time attempting to defend Microsoft. They have spent millions and millions of dollars working tirelessly to do it themselves. Furthermore, I firmly believe that they have established a monopoly and that this monopoly serves to futher one parties interests Microsofts. However, I did some research online and came up with the following paragraph from an article titled The Microsoft Antitrust Suit written by Peter Tracey.In it, he wrote The persecut ion of Microsoft is an assault on the free market, and on the intelligence of the American large number. It is the result of long-held envy by Microsofts competitors, including Netscape and Oracle. It is in violation of the constitution, being both ex post facto and vague (Getman). The governments persecution of Microsoft should be stopped, moreover, the antitrust legislation that has exposed business to unfair and unreasonable practices should be repealed. (http//www.levelthreesolutions.com/ peter/msantitrust.html)In Microsofts opinion, the government should not get involved in determine what means a company uses to produce their products. They feel that they have been able to succeed through hard work, tenancity, and superior products. Although it may be unfortunate for their competitiors, Microsoft feels that if you cant stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen. In essence, Microsoft makes the most money doing what they do by victorious solid ideas from other people, such as the Disc Operating System, and making them better. Microsoft doesnt monopolize the industry. They simply work harder, take risks, and capitalize where other companies have floundered.Section 44. Discussion Before I discuss this particular case study, I must tell you that I have always been a big fan of Microsoft and Bill furnish. I have enjoyed the relatively cheap cost of Microsofts software such as Microsoft Excel and Word. I have also felt that with each successive encourage of these products I have only been able to improve my performance both at work and school. I also thought it was impressive that Bill Gates could take his ideas, push forward with his undefeatable will, and become one of the richest people in the entire world. However, this case study and the analysis that Ive done with it has really open my eyes to the seamy side of Microsoft and Bill Gates.I was so moved by this case that I even went and downloaded one of Microsofts few cyberspace browser competitors, Nets cape, to compare its product with Internet Explorer. When my wife asked me what my paper was I about I told her it was about Microsoft and whether or not they were a monopoly in the industry. Her very quick and wry response verbalise it so perfectly Duh, of course they are. Even I know that. I think this says it all so succinctly. Do I think Microsoft needs to be disbanded or separated in to two different operating companies? Not really.Like I said before, I enjoy Microsofts products and I use them constantly. In fact, I am writingthis paper using one of Microsofts products, Microsoft Word. I just honestly think that fair competition and a level playing field for Microsofts competitors would only benefit the consumer in the long run. More people with new insights will be given the chance to expand the technology already in place. Too many companies are skittish about taking on Microsoft because of the monopoly and the fear of being annihilated.Finally, I have learned that cases of anti-trust and monopoly are not always as clear cut as one may think. I always thought that Microsoft had a clear monopoly and that there was nothing any of us could ever do to remedy it. I also really didnt care as long as they continued to improve Windows and the accompanying Office Suite. I can see now that competition in all economic arenas, whether it is cable television or fast-food or computer software, is important, no vital, for lower prices and increased technological growth.

Comparison and Contrast

Long aloofness Relationship Relationship is built when a manhood and a woman want to make a commitment between them and hope to make their descent last forever. Everything depart bee done in instal to make their relationship keep going until marriage. On the other side, there is a kind of relationship between people who live separately far-off away but they keep having relationship between them in the name of love, trust, and faith. That kind of relationship we call it long distance relationship. Not all of LDR (Long Distance Relationship) couple ordure make it through until marriage.They have bigger problems than couple who dont live far away and can meet distributively other easily. The problems atomic number 18 the distance where they live are far away, they need to spend to a greater extent money to keep commonicating each other, and the worst is they can cheat each other. They volition meet those problems which can cause them to break up. The first problem in LDR is ac tually the distance. They live far away and they can not meet each other everyday. When those couple live separately far away they will suffer for some things like loneliness, miss each other, and they can not carry on the same thing and season together.How a man can cheer his woman up when they live far away? This kind of thing will effect to their feeling in relationship. The only way to keep contact each other just by phone or texting message. When they see a couple who always spend time together in weekend the LDR couple will feel sad because how can they have a relationship but it is hard to meet each other. Those kind of thing will cause them to fight and they need to more(prenominal)(prenominal) understand each other close to this kind of relationship.Then second problem is they need to spend more money than an usual couple. When the distance come as the problem they need to spend more money to meet their couple who live far away. They have to take transportion for examp le by plane for those couple who live different country. They need more money to buy tickets, the expensive phone bills, and net income. In order to make them keep contact each other they need to send messages everyday or when they are missing each other they will have a phone night call to hear their couple voice.Meanwhile, for those couple who using internet they can use skype, twitter, or facebook. They use skype in order to see each other face instead of go to their place who live far away. Besides money, it really need to spend more time to communicate each other and it might distract their activities such as work, school, or dwelling house things. When their lost of time to communicate each other by phone or internet it will raise the couriousity for them because LDR couple will have more bad feelings and couriousity because they never meet each other.The last thing and even the worst thing is they can cheat each other without think astir(predicate) their couple feeling who live far away. Not all of people can survive from this kind of relationship. They need to meet the person who they love, spend time together, and share the same thing which the like. Therefore, they want to have an usual relationship who can make them always bee together with their couple. The man or woman who can not get rid of this kind of feeling will cheat behind their couple.

Develop MPI Essay

First, in todays global economy, many an(prenominal) companies are vying for a presence in the global marketplaces. in that location are several ways to remove immersion into a foreign market but many questions must be answered first to enlighten sure there is a return on investment or an exit strategy. In the Foley friendship case, Joanne has to determine what are her Company strategies advantages and single outs of entering Brazilian market for soybeans harvestersFirst, she has to determine whether the Company is come acrossing a standalone penetration or launching through alliances. This could be a pivotal point in their decision because on one hand the lack of experience with foreign manufacturing operations could prove to be costly in a standalone entry for example. But as Mr. Osborne point it out this is also a too replete(p) to lose market, so an equity-base method of entry through alliances seemed to be a none-starter for Foley Company. But eventually, Ms. Poe has other options to consider for entry strategies Contract Manufacturing, Licensing, Franchising or Exporting.Contract ManufacturingContract manufacturing has a flexibility element to it as an entry method as it can be used as an added value to other method of entry. This is a major advantage. Ms. Poe could recommend this option in conjunction with franchising for example. Contract Manufacturing would also give the Foley Company a sensitive look at the market in Brazil because the company has not seen this aspect of job in Brazil. Here, the company could focus on R&D and other improvement to its machinery to gain private-enterprise(a) advantage. The advantages of this method of entry could be low capital required, low risk, manageable exit strategy, easy to social organization and direct the cognitive process. The disadvantages of this method could be the Company could lose some control due to lack of planetary experience, difficult to account for the cultural and differences in quality of work and standards, locally accepted practices can be hard to gauge when selecting vendors of supplies of parts etc. can be a problem for a new entrant in the market especially when there is potential for major capital investment.LicensingLicensing method of entry for companies could be reinsuring for the Foley Company because the Company would be able to legally protect its assetswhile in the process pass oning market establishing its name in Brazil. But this is more to prepare the field by licensing its rights and expertize to local companies conduct to business on its behalf. The important elements here are protection by the local regulations. The advantages here could be Less hurdles to enter in case of import complexities in Brazil, fast entry into the market, no capital upfront required to establish a presence. But the disadvantages could be Decrease in gross revenue (not fully engage yet), culture differences and interpretations, and more importantly, the license e could collaborate with competitors or become competitors themselves which would flummox future deals in Brazil. FranchisingBy recommending franchising a method of entry, Ms. Poe could emphasize the fact in this case rapid expansion, where a privilege would maintain a business relationship with Foley Company which would grant it the right to distribute its soybeans harvesters using Foleys brand in exchange for a fee. The creation of a network of owner operated dealers would increase its market share and expanded territories. Less advertising programs and costs, market penetration at high rate, brand equity. The disadvantage of this method of entry could be the cost of engaging locals by Foley Company and potential lack of lodge between the company goals in US and it Brazilian counterpart index cause frictions because the local might not be fully vested into the bigger picture. My recommendation would beWholly Owned Subsidiaries alike many Companies, The Foley Company could esta blish itself fully in Brazil. This would give the company ownership through all told owned subsidiaries. This method would allow Foley Company to gain control over manufacturing operations and any simoleons centers completely without sharing with any potential partners. The drawback to this method of entry would be the high initial investment. There cant be guarantees here because of other intangible like politics, social, economical facts can complicate matters sometimes. But in the long-run, this method of entry which can be done through Acquisition or Greenfield investment (building entirely new facility), would yield many advantages for the company, for example brand equity, increase its competitiveness in the market. With the rightsynergies, the economic benefits, in my opinion would outweigh the costs while expanding the market.Referenceshttp//www.coursesmart.com/SR/7071808/0077496191/331?__hdv=6.8https//blackboard.neu.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp? uniform resource locato r=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_2239043_1%26url%3DBuckley, P.J., and Casson, M.C. 1998. Analyzing Foreign Market Entry Strategies Extending the Internationalization Approach. Journal of International Business Studies 539-561.

First Impressions Essay

archetypal impressions argon very important to every mean solar day life. They ar the basis of how relationships start and how perceptions ar formed. The opinions could begin many things and lead towards success or these opinions could be unmatcheds that are misleading and have a negative impact on how people relate to you. first-class honours degree impressions are very important on peoples social life, in your education and in employment. In your social life, first impressions come from your friends, family, and even unexampled people who come into your life. First impressions on employment go from your current co-workers, boss, and former employers. They are very signifi crumbt in job interviews. First impressions are important, but are not always the final word.First impressions from the social perspective is the fare at hand, when viewing the importance of first impressions, and then taking in account the environment that one is in, then lastly viewing the important role that first impressions play throughout the course of a relationship such a experience. The importance of first impressions is essential to the development of relationships be it for a friendship or just merely business acquaintances, the role of first impressions is resounded throughout the course of that relationships. How you are perceive has a very basic bearing as to how you are treated. Your outward appearance plays a crucial role in the compiling of a first impression, when you are viewed by others, a snap conclusiveness is made about you that people will hold in their minds whether subconsciously, or conscientiously that first heartbeat that they laid eyes on you. Also the way that you portray yourself comes into play at this point, your social skills are the main focus of the first impression after the mental image of you is implanted in the someones mind.Studies have shown that humans have developed the ability to quickly decide whether a new person will hurt or enri ch us. First impressions or what are called thin slices are generated in the most primitive areas of the brain, where feelings are processed. Its a very primal process and has evolved from our ancestors as a way to protect themselves. Applying both the thin slices theory, along with our own values and sentiments, it appears that first impressions are processed from the feeling part of our brains, as a way to protect or safeguard our belief and value structures. Research also showsthat the power of knowledge to organize, select, learn and judge comes from values and beliefs as frequently as information and logic. Attitudes also enter into our calculations of first impressions. While subtle, they can cause real human beings damage, thats why its imperative to nature relationships with others. People who spend time observing and earshot tend to have a higher percentage of correct snap judgments. While first impressions can never be changed, we can allow movement in our processing an d value systems. To contribute efficaciously to society we must evaluate who we are as individuals and how we form judgments.

How working environment can impact on motivation Essay

(A) Describe, with grammatical cases, how proceedinging environment passel electric shock on motivation and contri exactlye to an effective disciplineplace in travel and tourism, covering-* transmission line locationIn travel and tourism, the holiday atmosphere at resort contributes to a sense of well-being. Customers ar happy to be on holiday and it is relatively easy to adopt a positive military strength to work. Whereas if you were running(a) in a c altogether centre where you be topographic point bound and stick out to fleet most of the talking to customer on the teleph superstar. The organisation has to consider how this poorer environment peck be amend so that ply re master(prenominal)s motivated.* Working conditions and Hours of workHours of work vary tremendously finished expose the industry- slightly tribe ar happy to work unsocial hours because it fits in with their life sprint or they compliments to have prison term off when every 1 else is work ing(a)(a). However, the over solely number of hours per week should non exceed 40.* Health and safety recourse and security f passageors moldiness be considered in the workplace, and enactment such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 must(prenominal) be adhered to. Specific regulations also apply where food is served or where the chemical hazards, for example in a swimming pool. All these requirements atomic number 18 classic.For some organisations a lapse in safety procedures ignore mean the collapse of the business and even a prosecution. Companies that organise activity holidays for boorren, for example must make health and safety a priority. Health and safety is important for both customers and employees. Employees occupy to know that they dirty dog go closely their work in a safe environment and work to bug outher to ensure their customers argon safe.* Equipment and ResourcesSate-of-the-art equipment and a pleasant environment be important to motivate staff.* societal eventMost companies have a Christmas party or social outgoing for staff. These are effective events to create camaraderie amongst staff and build aggroups.* Theories of motivationThe motivation and perpetration of employees is key to success of a group and therefore to the company. Several theorists have come up with models of motivation. The two of that we bequeath look at are Maslow and Herzberg.1. MaslowAbraham Maslow was an American who in the 1940s developed a theory of motivation. The theory is valid equ sufficient for understanding how mountain are motivated in the workplace. Employers can use it to provide conditions that fulfil peoples inescapably at the different levels. Maslow theory is displayed as a pyramid because employees can exclusively move up the levels once the lower levels are fulfilled. So, an employee cant pass on level 4 at work if they are having puzzles in their psycheal life or working with colleagues (level 3). Similarly, if they hav e still been made homeless (level 1) their concern will be finding shelter not performing at work.2. HerzbergHerzbergs theory is also kn proclaim as the hygiene theory. Herzberg identified characteristics which make people contented with their think overs and those which make them dissatisfied satisfiers and dissatisfiers.The satisfiers are federal agents which give people long-term motivation and enable them to enjoy their work* The type of work* Promotion prospects* Having responsibilities* Sense of achievement* Personal development* Gaining recognitionThis dissatisfiers or hygiene factors need to be operating well in an organisation but according to Herzberg do not ultimately motivate people. These are* Salary* Working conditions* Relationships with others- colleagues and jitneys* Company policy(B) Describe, with examples, how working relationships can force on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism, covering-* Management styleManagement is about motivating people to act in certain ways so that the group can achieve its common goal. A true(p) manager must inform, motivate and develop the police squad. The intravenous feeding types of manager/management I will be talking about are-1. An autocratic managerAn autocratic manager makes all the decisions and announces them to the team. This person is the boss and so has full keep in line. The main advantage of this potpourri of leadership is that decisions are made quickly, as no consultation is pertain. Its other advantages intromit-* Where there is a need for urgent action the autocrat will accommodate control* somewhat team members apply security from being told what to do.Disadvantages implicate-* Team members whitethorn draw frustrated at their lack of control* on that point whitethorn not be room for the team to express creativity* There may be over-dependence on the leadersAutocratic management belongs in a traditional hierarchical structure.2. inf ormatory managementWith consultative management, the leader still makes the decisions but discusses them with the team. The advantages include-* The team is informed of what is going on* Open discussion is promote* The manager spends time with the teamThe disadvantages are that the team feel involved but frustrated by having no real power.3. Democratic managementWith democratic management, the decision-making is shared among the team. The advantages include-* Ideas are encouraged from everyone* There is greater involvement and commitment from team members* The team is wishly to be supportive of the leader* The team is fully informedThe disadvantages include-* Some team members may not be able to cope with being involved in decision-making* The democratic process can need too long* The leader may not agree with the decisions of the team* Powerful team members may take over4. Laissez-faire managementWith laissez-faire management the team is leftfield to sort itself out and get on w ith its work. The manager does not get involved and therefore is not leading the team. The advantages include-* Highly motivated and skilled people are able to get on with their tasks* The team is scepteredThe disadvantages include-* New team members will be uninformed* The team may be left with little or no postulateion* TeamworkTeamwork skills are essential in the workplace. You must be able to work with other people in a team even if you dont determine to like them.A team is a group of people who are working together to achieve common objectives. Even when you are not physically with other members of your team, you can work together by contributing to a sequence of activities with a common aim. If you were working as a resort vocalism in Spain, you would still be working in a team with colleagues in head office in the UK.1. Team rolesGood teams achieve synergy that is, together they can achieve more than the members could individually. to a greater extent ideas, energy and res ources are generated as a group because-* The team solves problems and makes decisions together* The team focuses on the priorities, with everyone working towards the same aim* The team provides a sense of belonging and a sense of status* The team provides a support networkNot everyone in a team is the same- each person has their own strengths and weaknesses. If each person had the same weaknesses, the team could not work there needs to be a balance of skills. A method of recognising individuals strengths and weaknesses is needed in raise to build an effective team.The management unspoiled R.Meredith Belbin has outlined nine team roles necessary for a successful team. One person can encounter more than one role, as most people have strengths in more than one area.Belbins roles- Chairperson/ co-ordinator = The group leader, likely to be relaxed and extrovert, also likely to be a good communicator. They will build on the strengths of team members and give them encouragement. Plant = The ideas person in the team, a person who is original in looking for solution to problems, but not always good at details, and so may make careless mistakes. Shaper = The task leader, who unites ideas and effort. Needs to be dominated and extrovert in order to make things happen. Monitor/ evaluator = The team analyst, who is not so good at ideas but pays trouble to details, thus keeping the team directed towards its target. Implementer = The organiser of the team, who is able to make the ideas of the plant and shaper and malefactor them into manageable and realistic tasks. A practical, stable and disciplined person. Resources investigator = The person who is outgoing and will look for and report on ideas and developments outside the group is sociable and enthusiastic and good under pressure. Team proletarian = A very people-oriented person, sensitive to others needs. The team worker has good communion skills and will be good at motivating other. A natural mediator, who wil l deal with any conflict within the team, this person is very good to have virtually in a crisis. Finisher = A person who sticks to deadlines and likes to get on with things. Will probably be irritated by the more relaxed members of the team. Specialist = This person is resolved and a self-starter and provides knowledge and skills in specialist areas each of Belbins roles acquires a different level of important according to the objectives of the team and the stage in the teams life.2. team developmentFormal teams are part of the structure of an organisation and are planned in order to meet that organisations objectives. The formal team will follow rules and regulations and may meet on a pre-arranged schedule and stand in administrative procedures. Examples in travel and tourism includes sales teams and marketing teamsInformal teams work within or outside formal teams. They are sometimes based on individual(prenominal) relationships between members rather than on work roles. When you complete group work for assignments, you often choose the colleagues you wish. You choose to work with people you like and ones you know will be as committed as you are to the work. This is an informal team.There are several theories of team structure and development, which will help you to understand the effectiveness of teams. Bruce Tuckman (1965) identified four main stages of team development-* Forming at this stage, team members form their first impressions of each other and establish identities. They are sounding each other out and finding out what is expected of them.* Storming- the team members have, by now, turn more used to each other. Members are prepared to put forward their ideas forcibly and openly they are also prepared to disagree and so there may be some conflict and hostility.* Norming the team now begins to establish co-operation. Conflict is controlled, views are ex alternated and new commonplaces introduced.* Performing the team is now working together it begins to arrive at solutions and achieve objectives.There can also be a fifth stage, called adjourning or mourning, where the team has disbanded and the members miss being part of the team.* Job roles and lines of obligationAn organisation graph places the structure of the company and how the work is divided into different areas. It also shows the lines of responsibility between staff, so that it is likely who is responsible to whom. An employee studying a chart will find the possible promotions routes.The chart may show a hierarchical structure or line relationship. This is a very traditional structure and shows a range of mountains of command with each person responsible to the person above them. It is sometimes referred to as a pyramid structure.Many organisations today would be depicted in a chart with a pet structure. There are fewer layers of management, and each manager has a broader span of control. Restructuring of organisations often involves getting loose of m iddle managers, hence the flattened structure.* Channels of conferenceOpen communication must be encouraged and ideas should be freely expressed in the workplace. There should be trust and support between team members. An effective leader can encourage good communication and shape the way the team works.* oralVerbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and there are different ways a person can do verbal communication1. Telephone2. Word of mouth3. Video company4. Face to face5. Presentation6. Walkie-talkie7. Meetings8. Bluetooth/ headset (mobile phone)9. Radio10. Sign language* WrittenWritten communication guarantees that everyone concerned has the same information and it provides a long-lasting record of communication for future such as1. Books2. Brochures/ leaflets, newspaper3. E-mail4. Text (written + electronic + verbal)5. Fax (written + electronic)6. Notice boards7. Minutes of meetings* ElectronicElectronic communication style any method used to convey a message that has been transmitted via electronic heart such as e-mail, video conferencing, radio, TV, mobile phone, internet, fax etc.* Equal opportunitiesLegislation exists to ensure that personal receive equal opportunities and that there is no discrimination. The arts of parliament that you should be aware of are-* slipstream relations Act 1976This act makes discrimination on racial grounds unlawful in employment, instruct, teachingal activity and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The two main type of discrimination involved in this Act are-1. direct discrimination- discrimination a introducest colour disability, citizenship2. indirect discrimination- discriminating a racial group* sexual practice discrimination Act 1975This act makes it unlawful to discriminating against psyche on the ground of gender, marital status, sexual practice reassignment or sexual orientation. The act was updated in 1986 to remove restrictions on womens hours of work and then it allowed women to take h=jobs with flexible hours. This act not only covers discriminations in the workplace but in job advertisements and interviews.* Disability discrimination act 1995This act makes discrimination against people with disabilities unlawful in respect of employment, education and access to goods, facilities, services, and premises.Employers are required to make reasonable adjustments to accommodate people with disabilities. Examples include providing specially able keyboards for arthritis sufferers, facilitating wheelchair access and relocating people with limited mobility to the ground floor.* Equal pay act 1970This act was introduced to address the problem of women being paid less than men for the same work. It allows employees to claim equal value in hurt of demands made on them, such as effort, skills and decisions made. There is also an EU Directive that state that for the same work or work of equal value, sex discrimination m ust be eliminated in all aspects of pay.* Other forms of discriminationDiscrimination at work is a very serious issue and can result in large amounts of compensation being awarded adjacent successful tribunals, not to set up policies to ensure that the workplace is free from discrimination.Measures to be taken include-1. Setting up a broad equal opportunities policy covering all aspects of discrimination2. cookery staff in discrimination legislation and on how to implement the equal opportunities policy3. Setting up complaints procedures for instances of discrimination* Employment sort outs act 1996When someone gets a job they can aspect to receive a contract of employment. This is a legally rachis agreement between the employer and the employee. Under the Employment Rights Act, the employer must give the employee a written document including the following information, in writing within 2 months of starting work-1. Name of employer and employee2. Date employment began3. ramble of pay and interval of pay4. Hours of work5. Holiday entitlement and pay6. Job title and brief translation of duties7. Place of work8. Notice entitlement and requirements9. Sick leave entitlement and sick pay10. Pension and pension intention11. Disciplinary procedures and grievance producers12. Date of end of employment it improve term13. Additional details about working aboard if appropriate.* Notice boardAfter one month of continues employment an employee is entitle to one week of notice if the employment ends. After 2 years employment they are entitle to 2 weeks notice, afterwards 3 years, 3 weeks notice and so on. After 12 years the legal utmost 12 weeks notice is reached.A employee must also give notice of leaving to an employer. After one month of continuous employment, an employee must give a minimum of one weeks notice.Employees are empower to normal pay during notice periods as long as they are working or available for work.* RedundancyRedundancy pay is calculated ac cording to the employees age, length of service and salary. Employees can claim for unfair dismissal if they suspect1. There is no real tautology2. They were unfairly selected for redundancyDismissal is treated as redundancy if the whole business is closing or a grouchy job disappears or requires fewer employees. An employer may tenderise alternative employment. If the employee unreasonably refuses it they are not entitle to redundancy pay.* EU Directives on hours and payThe European Working Time Directive was enacted in the UK through the Working Time Regulations 1998. This lays down the following1. A maximum 48-hours week, averaged over 17 weeks2. at to the lowest degree 4 weeks paid annual leave3. a weekly rest period of at least 24 hours in each 7-day period4. a daily rest period of at least 11 consecutive hours between each working day5. an in-work rest break of 20 legal proceeding for those working hours or more per daySome sectors are excluded from the regulations one of theses is transport.* National Minimum occupy Act 1998This Act provides workers with a minimum hourly rate below which their wages will not fall. Those who work part time benefit most, because they are often badly paid. The Low have a bun in the oven instruction advises the Secretary of State on the value of the minimum rate. A special lower rate applies to 18-to 21years-olds.* motherliness and writing leaveThe Employment Relations Act 1999 provides for basic rights for gestation leave. There are common chord periods of maternalism leave. Ordinary maternity leave is for a period of 18 weeks which coincides with the period for statutory maternity pay. This applies to all employees. Compulsory maternity leave extends to a period of 2 weeks after the birth the employer must not permit the woman to return to work during this period. Additional maternity leave follows immediately after the original 18-weekperiod and must end within 29 weeks of the birth. Employees with at least one years service with an employer are eligible for the additional maternity leave. Under the same Act there are provisions to allow parents 3 months leave in order to care for a child. This is intended to be taken before the child is five. It is intended to be available to men and to women, in addition to maternity leave.Paternity leave is available to men to1. Have or expect to have responsibility for the childs upbringing2. Are the biological father of the child, or the mothers husband or partner3. Have worked continuously for their employer for 26 weeks ending with the fifteenth week before the baby is due. pensionable employees can choose take either 1 week or 2 consecutive weeks paternity leave (not odd days)* Statutory sickness payAn employer must pay Statutory Sick Pay to employees who become sick and who normally earn at least 79 per week. After 28 weeks, stupidity Benefit or Income Support must be claimed instead.* Grievance and disciplinary proceduresThese must be includ e in the employees written statement or contract, or at least there must be a reference to where they can be found. Disciplinary producers deal with such maters as warnings to be given before dismissal. Warnings might arise from the following-1. Lack of capability or qualifications-although the employer has a responsibility to give educate2. Misconduct-which includes habitual lateness3. Gross misconduct (for example, assault or theft) leads to instant or compendious dismissal.Grievance procedures deal with complaints by employees who are not satisfied with aspects of their employment. Employees must be given the visit of a person to whom a complaint can b made and should be informed of right of appeal.* Investors in peopleInvestors in people is a UK quality standard development in 1990. Those companies who gain the award have proved that they invest in the tuition and development of their staff. This is beneficial to employees and also to customers and suppliers.The standard for Investors in people is based on four key principals1. Commitment from the top to develop all employees2. Regular review of training and development needs3. Taking relevant action to meet those needs throughout peoples life historys4. Evaluating training and development outcomes for individuals and the organisation in order to continuously changeThese principals are subdivided into 24 indicators of effective practise, and the organisation provides evidence for assessment against the indicators.Once the organisation gets the award it is entitled to display the Investors in People logo on company literature.* Buddies and teachingMentoring schemes are growing in popularity. They offer employees a one-to one relationship with a mentor, someone with greater experience and a willingness to listen and advice. The mentor and the mentee meet regularly and discuss aspects of the mentees job, such as career development.The mentor does not act as a line manager or superior and is never judge mental, but acts as a sounding board and is able to offer ideas and a different outlook on work issues.The Hilton hotel chain runs a mentoring scheme for its staff at all levels. Its purpose is to support staff in their career development. Mentors at the Hilton chain are often colleagues of the mentees doing similar jobs, which departs from the traditional model. All of the mentors have had mentoring training. Some companies have similar, but sometimes less formal, schemes where a new member of staff is given a comrade as a source of information and help.* Job securityMany contracts today are fixed term, especially in areas such as visitor attractions. This means that the period of employment is not obscure but lasts for a period of months or a year or two. The reason for such contracts is flexibleness for employers- they can lose staff on fixed contracts at the end of the period without penalty. However, such contracts are demotivating for staff as they worry about their future i ncome and job prospects.C) Describe with examples, how incentives can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including* RemunerationRemuneration means how much you get paid. You would imagine that this is very important as a motivator. In fact, it is an important factor in attracting people to a company but research shows that it is not the most important incentive.* operation related payBonuses are often based on overall profits and awarded to all employees- normally performance related.* Incentive schemeAn example of an incentive scheme could be a competition that staff are invited to enter. The competitions may be based on generating new ideas within the company, or how to boost sales, customer satisfaction or commissions on sales.* DiscountsDiscounts may be given on holidays or travel for those working in the industry. Many who work in travel and tourism receive cheap travel, perhaps by going on standby if they work for an airline or by going on investigatory trips to a destination if they work for a travel agent.* Holiday entitlementIn the UK employees can expect around 4 weeks paid holiday per year. In the public sector more holiday is often given, but this may be balanced against lower pay.* Pension schemesA good pension scheme can act as an incentive for many people who are concerned about security in retirement.* PerksAs a perk, employees in the travel and tourism industry are often provided with a uniform. They may get to travel or live aboard and be paid to live there. They may be provided with a company car.* Opportunities for promotion and progressionMany employees need a challenge and if they are in the same position, doing a job they find easy, they may become bored and less efficient. Thus, opportunities to move on and face new challenges are an important incentive. Opportunities may arise within an organisation and good people are quickly promoted. You may wish to let it be known that you are inter ested in progression and ask to be sent on relevant training courses and conferences.D) Described, with examples, how training can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including* TrainingThose employers who wish o ensure an effective workplace will offer ongoing training and development to staff. There are several benefits to organisations add to their workforces. Training can* Improve individual performance* Improve team performance* Allow staff to be better informal* Equip staff to deal with change and emergencies* Make for a more flexible workforce* Improve morale* Allow managers more time to manage through delegation of other tasks.* Induction trainingEmployers have to provide instruction and training to ensure health and safety, and this is usually a part of induction training. The induction is the first stage of training and is given to new employees it is important as new employees need to be made welcome and become effective in their work as quickly as possible.Induction covers* The nature of the job* inception to the workplace and to staff* The lines of responsibility* Facilities such as toilets, lockers, canteen* Health and safety basics* Training opportunities* In-house trainingLarge companies offer their own in-house training and may even write their own materials. These training courses are very beneficial as they are tailor- made to meet the needs of the company.* External coursesThousands of extraneous courses are available. These may be specific to travel and tourism or other professional qualifications in areas such as marketing or human resource management. They may be offered by colleges, by travel associations or by private companies.Companies may allow individuals or groups to attend such courses. Some may be long term, leading to advanced qualifications, so a great deal of commitment is required on behalf of the individual.